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Endophoric Reference

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I-Theoretical background
1. Scope of the study: Media discourse is a wide open discussion among all people. It is a mixture of different worlds that attracts each and every one. Media is constructing one’s character either directly by watching television or indirectly by skimming through the newspapers and magazines. So, it’s clear that media plays a vital role in our lives. Hence, it is the major tool mankind uses to pave his way in understanding the going on world around. In order to achieve this understanding, it’s necessary to analyze and perceive all different kinds of media discourse that face us in everyday life with their various techniques. One of the most popular techniques is cohesion. As a matter of fact it is a whole theory, …show more content…

Endophoric reference when the interpretation of reference lies within the text and Exophoric reference when the interpretation of reference lies beyond the text. (Halliday, 1976, p.33)
There are three types of reference: personal, demonstrative, and comparative.
Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, through the category of PERSON. Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on a scale of Proximity .Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of identity or similarity .Grammatically, all reference items except the demonstrative adverbs, and some comparative .adverbs, function within the nominal group (noun phrase). (Halliday, 1976, p.37)

“There are three types of substitution; nominal, Verbal, and clausal.”(Halliday, 1976, p.90)
Nominal substitution: The substitute one/ones always functions as Head of a nominal group, and can substitute only for an item which is itself Head of a nominal group. (Halliday, 1976, p.91)
There is another cohesive use of same, this time as a nominal substitute, typically accompanied by the. The same presupposes an entire nominal group including any modifying elements. (Halliday, 1976, …show more content…

On the other hand, repetition of such important expression throughout the article like: nation, country, terrorism, failings, sadness, slogan, war, battle, government, patriotism. All previous words encourage the reader to react with the text and to be fully aware of the case. Also, part-whole relationship is obviously indicated in the article as Egyptians are part from Arab the whole, Al-Arish is a part from the whole Sinai, and stock market is a part from the whole economy, this is to help the writer to assert his idea of how individuals should cooperate to build-up their country . Not only part-whole relationship is indicated, but also general-specific relationship in the article is found when battle specified to primary battle and current battle, also nation specified in capable nation. Since those specifications deliver the states of suffering and

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