The particular selective pressure is made known by the functional design of the trait, which grants one the ability to determine the nature of the selective pressure liable for the adaptation. Directly from a selective pressure is an adaptation capable of materializing, in addition, by-product traits can be indirectly formed in this process. This brings about one of my above mentioned research questions; is rape the outcome of a rape-specific adaptation or else is it a by-product of additional or former adaptations. To argue either a specific rape adaptation or rape as a by-product in evolution, Palmer and Thornhill suggests using evidence across species and across cultures to observe the presence and influence of rape. Thornhill and thornhill …show more content…
They hypothesize that men`s motivation for sex and the motivation for domination and control are ‘functionally integrated in the sexual psychology of men as a result of evolution by selection’, to control a women`s sexuality to control paternity.” However, today, there could be different, more, or less types of rape than in the past. Three patterns of rape are described in the present day western culture: power rape, the expression of conquest and control, often to compensate for perceived inadequacy. Anger rape, the expression of hostility, and sadistic rape, expression of eroticized anger and power, often characterized by intentional maltreatment and enjoyment of victim suffering. How does evolutionary psychology account for the seemingly differently motivated acts? The power rape may be most closely related to rape used to increase copulation. However, other types of rape may reflect further evolution of mechanisms or perhaps independent mechanisms. The bottom line is that the situation may not be cut and …show more content…
Being able to claim the explanation of rape has vast potential for ending rape and a natural history would make evolutionary psychology the best place to start. However, little history is presented, and the combination of present with ancient past is often a leap. Additionally, I recognize that this science claims to be without value of judgement or justifications of rape, however, regardless of whether it is free of value or not, non-evolutionary psychologists might not understand that and jump to the conclusion that this justifies or absolves men who rape. I agree that sex must be considered in understanding causes of rape, quantification and standards are important, but can that capture the environment? Humans do not exist only in biological environments; there is culture, society, individual interaction, perhaps metaphysical. A natural history of rape would need a thorough description of the biological and cultural
“Every two and a half minutes, someone is sexually assaulted in the United Sates” (Hansen, 2011). With the crime of sexual assault, the victim’s body becomes part of a crime scene. When the victim reports the assault to the police, the person is taken to a hospital or crisis center. “At the hospital most of these victims consent to the collection of physical evidence from their bodies, or a ‘rape kit’ (Nat.
In the case of R v. Ewanchuk many issue surrounding the use of rape myths allowed for Ewanchuk to justify the reasons for him sexually assaulting the young women. This begins with a harmless interview for the 17 year old women who is applying for a job for Ewanchuk’s woodworking business where they were scheduled for an interview in his van, which then Ewanchuk who is interviewing her suggests they go back to his trailer “to show her some of his work.” Once they got into the trailer that is when Ewanchuk initiates multiple incidents of him grabbing her where ever touch is more intimate. The women tells him multiple times to stop, but he doesn't and she fears that if she fights back it would provoke a violent response. The women contacts the
Many words come up when thinking of ‘College’, some of which are: learning, independence, goals, party, and freedom; although, that’s not always the case. At residential colleges rape culture has grown tremendously throughout time. In the article, “Mishandling Rape”, written by Jed Rubenfeld completely analyzes and supports the problem of rape in colleges throughout the United States. In this article, he establishes the importance of his argument, the audience he is hoping to speak out to, various logistics, and has a strong ethos appeal which supports his argument.
Rape myths are at the center of the problem of how rape and sexual assault cases are looked at, and treated as in society. Rape myths vary, some excuse the rape, others try to minimize the severity of the situation, while others doubt the act even happened in the first place (Levit and Verchick, 196). Some examples of rape myths include: a victim was “asking for it,” a victim’s previous sexual history, regretful sex is not rape, a woman’s “no” means “yes,” and women lie about rape all the time. Rape myths are targeted towards women, not the rapist. Despite, rape myths being proved false by empirical evidence, they are still prevalent in society.
While sexual motives are often involved, a control fantasy can be another motive that works with the sexual fantasy. Sexual assault is used as a tool by serial killers to humiliate, degrade, and subject the victim (“Serial Murder”). The offender, who often has a history of being abused themselves, finally feels like they are the dominant one in the situation. They have achieved the ultimate control over a human being by taking away all that is personal, private,
The power and control wheel, a tool used when trying to educate victims of IPV, is symbolically represented throughout the book by demonstrating how these abusers keep control of their partners. This wheel details eight forms of violence that abusers commonly use to keep control over their partner, that include, using male privilege and coercion and threats to maintain dominance (Burgess et al., 2012, p. 300). Victimology also studies, the effects such patterns of abuse have on an individual, such as learned helplessness and PTSD (Burgess et al., 2012, p. 300). Furthermore, it is grounded in the approaches and steps of action to take in order to help victims of trauma and
It is prevalent for victims of rape to be told they are reliable for the situation. Those who misconcep this topic are ignorant to the factual data. The reason a criminal had convicted this type of crime has no relation to actions of the victim. Victim blaming influences the attitude of society which alters how rape victims are perceived and contributes as false support for the criminal. A simple example of victim blaming comes from the article The Offenders, “She must have provoked him into being abusive.
The article explains how sexual assault continues to be a problem until this very day. When someone is sexually assaulted, it is very hard for them to cope with the fact that someone has touched them in the wrong way. For the ones who commits the assault, it will only become worse for them. A National Study says, “The main source of inmates’ knowledge of prison sex appears to come from their conversations with other inmates”(Response to the Prison Rape Elimination Act). Some inmates could portray the role of acting as if they are there for the victim to talk to, but there are other things that could result from this.
‘Common Decency’ written by Susan Jacoby, an American author, was originally published in the New York Times in April 1991. The main idea of Jacoby’s essay “Common Decency “ which was a written response to Camille Pagalia’s book “Sexual Personae “deals with the controversy over “date rape” and mixed signals between men and women. According to Jacoby, “Most date rapes do not happen because a man honestly mistakes a woman’s “no” for “yes” or a “maybe”. They occur because a minority of men –an ugly minority, to be sure –can’t stand to take “no” for an answer” (585). In her thesis, the author is stating that there is no such thing as accidental rape and the only reason it happens is because a few men act out violently when they are rejected.
One of the themes in Angela Davis’s essay, “Rape, Racism and the Myth of the Black Rapist”, is the necessity of using an intersectional framework to analyze rape and lynching in order to understand how racism and sexism work together to maintain capitalist relations of production. With the advent of Reconstruction came the socioeconomic and political threat to the White bourgeoisie from former Black slaves who sought citizenship, land and equality. Seeing the potential erosion of their control, the [1983:185] “lawless killings of Black people were portrayed as a preventative measure to deter the Black masses from rising up in revolt.” When these accusations were shown to be false, the bourgeoisie were forced to reinvent the form of racism that
According to Coates and Wade (2004) attributing the assault to a psychological disorder to naturalize his behaviour. However, this testimony leads to the idea that it is okay to rape young girls to help men get over the sexual anxiety issues. His responses do not indicate the details of the events on hand, nor the girls’ reactions to the assault. He also conceals his violence by using the word “vice”. On two occasions he said that he uses “sex as a vice” and “loved sex because of the vice at the time”.
Another big step in rape trial evolution is the prohibition of the Incapacity Defense. This led to more convictions as rapists could no longer state that they did not know their victim was drunk, drugged, mentally disabled, or incapacitated in any way. This means they would physically be unfit to give consent at the time of the rape, making the defendant
Feminist theory, argues that the basic cause of sexual assault revolves around the nature of gender inequality; that is, gender inequality for all genders, not just males and females. In the focus of feminist theory we analyze patriarchal norms, gender discrimination as well as sexual objectification. The focus of gender as the key cause, is however, flawed. While this theory does explain a large proportion of sexual assaults and cover both distal and proximal variables, it doesn’t fully help explain the largely under researched topics of same-sex assaults and the factor of vulnerability and power. Structural functionalist theory is also a peculiar choice.
However, from the late 1970s through 2008, rape and sexual assault rates, as measured by the National Crime Victimization Survey, steadily declined (Mears, 2010, p. 82). This survey, however, does not consider all crimes that are considered sexual crimes. There is no existing data on all the various crimes that could be considered sexual crimes. Over the past 30 years, according to a new