The written records from Joan of Arc’s trials and subsequent interrogations have long been accepted in containing the words of Joan of Arc. Karen Sullivan, a professor of literature at Bard College and writer of various articles on medieval French literature, challenges the accuracy of these records noting that it was the clerics, who were persecuting Joan, who decided the line of inquiry in the interrogations, decided when the interrogations would take place, and ultimately decided what to include in their transcripts and records of those events as truth. It is the victors who write and shape history. With this in mind, Sullivan chose to examine these accounts as a literary text to see how the interpretation of Joan’s words from these clerics …show more content…
She analyzes the different approaches of Joan’s questioning to see how they would affect the exchanges between the clerics and Joan. To go over this, the book is organized into sections based on different aspect of clerical education and training as scholars, inquisitors and confessors. With each topic and line of questioning presented in the book we get Sullivan’s analysis and interpretation of the wording used in the interrogation transcripts i.e., with Joan’s background she may say something that seems innocent and truthful to her while the clerics who have a different cultural and educational background view Joan’s statements as hersey. A similar statement, even though it’s about a different subject matter, can be made between the vikings and monks in Lindisfarne. The monks who were raised in a society that viewed religious buildings as sanctuary and free from harm would view the vikings as barbarians for raiding and pillaging their monastery. The vikings, on the other hand, did not have the concept of church’s as sanctuary because they grew up with a different
In this essay, this transcript for the trial of Bridget Byshop will be examined, and the context of these proceedings will be explained.
Natalie Zemon Davis highlights Bertrande’s role in The Return of Martin Guerre. In doing so, she explores the little regarded world of female peasantry. Bertrande is a woman with two seemingly contradictory desires in life: a desire for independence and a desire to uphold her reputation as a virtuous woman (28). In a medieval society where womanly virtue is based off of obedience to the males in one’s life, these desires appear contradictory; independence in a woman is dangerous because she will be prone to disobedience, and disobedience would stain her appearance of womanly virtue.
For instance, when she writes about Martin Guerre’s impotence, she cites the sources that give insight to his family relations, his impotence (and that he was bewitched), and how Bertrandes’ parents tried to push her into annulling the marriage. This information is documented in Coras’ court files. Yet Davis “fills” in her own interpretation and guesswork to make the narrative of Martin Guerre’s importence much more compelling; she writes about how he was bullied as a child because of his name, his difficulty of finding a male identity in a family dominated by women, and his conflicted partaking in the French folk customs. This example illustrates how Davis uses general historical knowledge and facts to strengthen her arguments about the individual
Her rhetorical question suggests that you can not be faithful to two masters if you are serving both. This leads to the audience shouting heresy and a church filled with uncertain attitudes. To establish her presence she suggests that her statement is common sense and of England’s high moral
Since the beginning of literature, women have been depicted as devious individuals. As a result, women put use to this stereotype to get what they want. This is proven, especially in medieval literature. Examples of this are shown in works like “Macbeth,” * Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,” and “The Canterbury Tales”.
“I am not afraid... I was born to do this” I picked this quote of Joan of Arc because she does not give up even though she is afraid. A French saint and a hero in the Hundred Years' war was Joan of Arc an important figure in World History because this farm girl helped save the French from English rule and was called the Maid Orleans and the Maid of France. She inspired the French and led them to many victories. Joan of Arc was born on January 6, 1412 into a French tenant farmer in the village of Domrémy, in northeastern France.
Joan of Arc was a simple peasant girl the youngest of five children born into a family of pious parents whom worshipped God in a in a village near the province of Lorraine, in a far off village known as Domremy. Joan having been born a peasant and in a village, not in a city had very little education and with there were being two different factions of the French people following the two different kings, Kings Charles VII and King Henry V. Even with Joan’s little education, she believed that King Charles VII should be king because she had been given messages from the visions received from the saints of Margeret, Catherine and Michael that Charles was the one true king chosen by God. At the age of thirteen Joan believed that she was chosen
Immediately, he claims that "[i]f you had seen what I have seen or heresy, you would not think it a light thing. " He continues to mention that Joan of Arc's atrocious actions began like any other treasons, starting with women quarreling over her clothes and men dressing like John the Baptist, and it eventually ". . . begin[s] with polygamy, and [ends] by incest. " He has ". . . seen this again and again . . .
I warn you, so that if God punishes you for it, I would have done my duty for telling you!’ May 30, 1431, at the age of nineteen, Johanne D’Arc was burned at the stake as a “relapsed heretic” (Gascoigne). Not only was D’Arc persecuted by the church, she was also persecuted by political figures (King Charles VII), the “sinners”, and the every day commoners. To many, Joan of Arc was perceived as a heretic who held power, though unofficial, of which women during that time period did not possess. Joan of Arc was a young naive woman, a triumphant military leader, and a dedicated follower of Christ.
These standards that we notice today are known to relate back to the 14th and 15th century. As a Lollard during the 15th century, many accusations were made against them and held their expectations on a high shelf. If any of these expectations were not met or gone against, intense persecutions against the Lollards would be the result, if found guilty. Readers can see Margery stressing the idea that her knowledge of books comes through priests, monks, vicars and orthodox spiritual directors. Travers tells readers that the reasoning behind these allegations, frequently prosecuted on Lollards, is because Traver’s believes that, “Margery consistently represents herself as a victim of the inquisition and her travels take her too many Lollard strongholds” (Travers 1).
Joan of Arc had an important role in the Hundred Years’ War for a French peasant girl who basically led France to its victory, and was able to save the monarchy. During her teenage years, Joan started to hear voices, which she claimed to be the voices of Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret. Later on, those voices spoke to her telling her that the dauphin had to be crowned and that the English had to be expelled from France. She had many obstacles in the way but in the end they were convinced. The French believed her, because the court believed that only a miracle could save the country.
However, J. Barry and O. Davies argues against Barstow’s perspective and theory, that “To translate this as ‘witches’, as Montague Summers regularly does, is therefore to give the reader a false impression, because the English word ‘witch’ immediately suggests a woman.” Therefore, from Barry and Davies’ argument, it could be deduced that although misogyny could be seen throughout the ‘Malleus Maleficarum’, the intention of the book being persecution of women cannot be confirmed to be true. This detracts from Barstow’s argument as there are not much supporting evidence for her perspective that the publication of the ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ had a significant impact on starting and increasing the scale of witch-hunting in Europe, as well as specifying that these witches were all women, and therefore makes her argument rather
In “The Hoodwinking of Madeline: Skepticism in The Eve of St. Agnes,” Jack Stillinger discusses some possibilities of feminist readings of the poem. First, the romantic poem is about two young lovers—Madeline and Porphyro. Madeline dreams of her lover and her visionary imagination comes true as she wakes to find Porphyro present in her bed. The feminist presence of this poem and essay are pointed out by the internal and external conflicts of the dream and the world. As Madeline is mentioned as a saint and as Porphyro is seeking his heart’s desire of sexual encounters with Madeline, we discover that Madeline is an independent thinker as she decides to run away with Porphyro.
Religious and Spiritual Experience Assignment Biography Joan of Arc was born in 1412 in Domremy France. Her father Jacques d’ Arc and mother Isabelle were poor farmers, so Joan would have grown up with daily responsibilities. Her mother also taught her to become a talented seamstress.
Women of the Medieval Times Women have always had a significant role in history even though they were treated horrible in most cases. During the Medieval Times was really the first time women were allowed to become more than just a house wife. The fight for equality has always been a struggle and even in today’s society is still an ongoing battle. Although women of lower and middle class were treated poorly in the Medieval Times, some powerful women held great responsibility and were looked up too by both men and children; despite being admired, “men were thought to be not only physically stronger but more emotionally stable, more intelligent, and morally less feeble” (Hopkins 5). “The position of women in the Medieval Society was greatly influenced by the views of the Roman Catholic Church” (Heeve).