Modern Translation Theories
There is no doubt that translation theories have witnessed remarkable developments in the modern period, which results in significant contributions in the domain of translation. The major developments of the theoretical approaches, including philosophical approach, the linguistic approach, the cultural approach, the postcolonial and related foreignising approaches have made their remark in translation theoretical discourse.
These major theoretical movements, including the philosophical approach of the 1920s; the linguistic oriented approach of the 1950s and 1960s; the functional approach (Skopos Theory theory); establishment of translation studies as an independent field in 1980; cultural turn approach in 1990;
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It has always been a challenging problem to the translators. Many major theorist, including Roman Jakobson (1896-1982), Jean Darbelnet (1904 -1990), Jean-Paul Vinay (1910 -1999), Eugene A. Nida (1914 - 2011), Charles Russell Taber (1928-2007), John Cunnison “Ian” Catford (1917-2009), and Mona Baker have dealt with the notion of equivalence in relation to translation process by using different approaches; however, they did not agree about one fixed theory, but for all of them equivalence is programmatic in translation and for the translators too. Thus, the term has been debated, discuss and evaluated from several points of views.
The pioneer who introduces a theory of equivalence as an “equivalence in difference” is Roman Jakobson. In his On Linguistic Works of Translation (1959), Jakobson addresses equivalence from linguistic prospective. He offers three categories of translation: 1 Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.
2 Interlingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. In other words, replacing a verbal sign with another sign but belonging to a different
16th century German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is often credited as being the first philosopher to posit the principle known as the Identity of Indiscernibles (Loemker 1969: 308). This principle states that if x has exactly the same properties as y, then x is identical to y. An interesting consequence of this principle arises from the implication that no two objects have all of their properties in common, since such an implication suggests that perfect duplicates cannot exist. Perhaps the most famous opponent of the Identity of Indiscernibles is Max Black, who argued against the truth of this principle in his essay “The Identity of Indiscernibles” by postulating a world in which two exactly similar spheres (perfect duplicates) could exist. In this paper, I shall argue against the Identity of Indiscernibles by defending Black’s claim that perfect duplicates can exist. Our discussion will be focused on the argument below.
“Translation Nation” In the book, Translation Nation, Hector Tobar shows us the hard experiences that Latino immigrants face in the U.S. while pursuing the American Dream. Tobar traveled through some cities in this country visiting individuals and communities to gather those experiences. Through the stories of many people, including himself as son of Guatemalan immigrants, he allows us to see situations as for example, racisms, bad job conditions, and poverty among this ethnic group. The difficulties that Latino Immigrant face, as for example, the case of a group of neighbors in Maywood, California who were mocked because their accent when speaking English reminds me of similar situations that I have also face as an immigrant from México.
All members of Richard Rodriguez’s family, in an autobiography by Richard Rodriguez called Hunger of Memory, cope differently when moving to the United States of America because of the language barrier. In the beginning, his parents are optimistic while Richard and his siblings are struggling to find themselves in their new environment. However, with time, these roles switch. Richard’s parents seem to lose themselves as their kids find themselves fitting in with society. He and his siblings gain confidence as they learn the English language.
a) Big History: world history which embraces humankind as a whole and tells the story of the human journey in the much larger framework of both cosmic and planetary history; the history of everything since the big bang b) Cosmic Calendar: the entire history of the cosmos since the beginning of time scaled down to in a period of one year c) The Three Cs are: Change: How human life has changed and developed over time and how that affected civilizations and people as a whole as new traditions and cultures began to form. Comparison: The similarities and differences in the experience of the world’s peoples which are how they are distincted from each other and are what put a nation’s accomplishments and failures in context.
AP Language and Composition in my ears sounds terrifying knowing that English is not a strong subject of mine. I have never been one to enjoy reading, but I always thought I was a satisfactory writer because I was receiving A’s and positive feedback. This made it a no brainer to take Honors English 10. It went well for a while, but then I was hit with my first D, and I did not understand why. I was angry and upset.
Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements, theories and philosophies which are concerned with the issue of gender difference; it also advocates equality for women and campaigns for women’s rights and interests. Feminist theory is associated with the analysis and explanation of women’s subordinate social situation. It seeks to analyze the condition which shapes women’s lives and to explore cultural perception of what it means to be a woman. In the early twentieth century there were some important feminist thinkers: Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935), Simone de Beauvoir (1908-86) and Betty Friedan (1921-2006). Like them Rokeya also appeared as a strong voice of feminism.
Bilingualism, fluency in or use of two languages. To many people who speak a single language that is all bilingualism is, but to those who are bilingual it is something that is deeper than that. To be bilingual is to be a part of something larger, it is rooted in one’s identity and connects them to a vaster community. Richard Rodriguez, author of Hunger of Memory, believed that a first language or native tongue was personal and exclusive. He felt that one’s original language was only for family and those who already spoke it, he writes, “ I considered Spanish to be a private language.
You did a great job in showing both the differences and similarities with both versions of the metamorphosis, the movie and book. From what I understand after reading your essay, the movie differs quite a bit in many places, with the similarities being very minimal. I think the whole essay was strong, well organized and thought out. The summary provided details of the differences of scenes, with solid examples scene by scene. It was effective because, you focused your summary to scenes in the book, to the movie, and exactly what the differences were.
Frank Smith, a famous author from the Cold War era, stated, “one language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” (Smith 110). Several school districts across the nation have implemented dual language immersion programs in their elementary schools. With a fast-growing immigrant rate in the United States, being multilingual has become extremely useful to many U.S. citizens. Dual language immersion programs should be implemented into every elementary school curriculum because children in these programs acquire a second language, which helps them develop useful skills, become more aware of cultures around the world, and, contrary to the opposition’s claim, it does help students learn better in school.
Staying Strong or Giving In? Language is an integral part of every distinctive culture. It represents a way of life and a way of communication among those that share similar traditions, values, and heritage. The Irish people have consistently been faced with foreign cultures encroaching on their land and threatening not only their culture but also the Gaelic language itself.
A translator may subject him-/herself either to the original text, with the norms it has realized, or to the norms active in the target culture, or in that section of it which would host the end product. Translation is a complicated task, during which the meaning of the source-language text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other words, translation can be defined as encoding the meaning and form in the target language by means of the decoded meaning and form of the source language. Different theorists state various definitions for translation.
Instead of an omniscient narrator, the first person point of view provides the readers a limited perspective on how the incident unfolds. It focuses exclusively on her own thoughts, perceptions and feelings; and the detail-oriented depiction towards her observation has become a stream-of-consciousness mumbling to the journal. In this essay, I will first identify the non-equivalence at a word level among the source text and the target text. Then I will attempt using the device of lexical cohesion identified by Halliday and Hasan to examine the output of translation.
When translating a foreign piece of text, words may be interpreted differently. For example, the differences between the William Aaltonen and Joachim Neugroschel translations of The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka are noticeable yet relatively minor. The first dissimilarity is when William Aaltonen uses “troubled” to describe a dream that Gregor Samsa, the main character, had, while in the Joachim Neugroschel translation, he uses “agitated”. Both words mean quite differential things. “Agitated” seems more severe and is sharp, whereas “troubled” is softer and more intellectually inconveniencing.
The film Lost in Translation follows two Americans visiting Tokyo during important transitional periods in their lives. Charlotte is a recent college graduate trying to figure out her career while also moving on from the honeymoon phase of her new marriage. Bob Harris is an actor essentially going through a mid-life crisis as he sorts through life post-movie stardom and struggles to maintain a relationship with his overbearing wife. The two find each other in a hotel bar as a result of their inability to sleep and form a connection based on their mutual isolation in both their relationships and the city of Tokyo. The film touches on the importance of communication as well as what it is like to be a foreigner alone in a vastly different culture.
In fact, translation itself as it takes place in the real life has a direct relationship with communicative purposes. As Duff (1989:6) maintains, "translation happens everywhere, all the time, so why not in the classroom? " Confusion is at times made between “translation” and L1. Although these two terms are often seen as synonymous they are not the same thing as they involve different skills and strategies as also acknowledged by González-Davies –Scott-Tennent (2009) (Leonardi, 2011). These terms are not interchangeable