INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS COMMUNALISM?
Communalism is an allegiance to one’s own ethnic group or religion rather than the society as a whole. (Wikipedia)
It usually refers to an organization that assimilates communal rights and alliances of decidedly localised independent communities. Prominent libertarian socialist Murray Bookchin defines communalism as, “a theory of government or a system of government in which independent communes participate in a federation", as well as "the principles and practice of communal ownership.”
It refers to an ideology or a thought system that functions on the belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests or convictions. It propagates the idea that people of one religion have differing
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It was an instrument used by the colonialists to secure the land by sectionalizing it on religious and casteist lines.
The advent of the British administration system took place and, realizing the danger of unity among the masses, the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ was
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They did not seek to promote any religion, such as Christianity as it was at the time, unlike their French and Portuguese counterparts, which is also why the westernization of India was only till a certain degree and not entirely.
False consciousness in communalism
‘False consciousness’ is a Marxist term used to define how capitalist society misleads the ideological, institutional and materialistic processes of the proletariat and the classes. These practices are said to hide the true goings-on between the classes and the actual state of affairs leading to the anguish of the proletariat.
Communalism in modern politics of India
Communalism as an ideology and a political phenomenon did not exist before the 1870s. Communalism is purely modern concept with its roots in popular participation and mobilisation spread with the intent of segregating the nation along religious lines, and an alive and kicking one at that.
ISLAM AND INDIA
How the conversion took
The desirable rules of Islam caused people to convert without being forced. The spread of Islam was not due to just one factor. The combination of beneficial characteristics led to the rapid spread of Islam. The three major factors of beliefs
Colonist Perspective On the evening of March 5, 1770, five innocent civilians were brutally murdered in the streets of Boston at the hands of corrupt British Red Coats. Our brothers and sisters, we peacefully protesting the corrupt, British imposed taxation without our representation. Among those whose lives were taken was Crispus Attucks, a former Black slave. The brutality expressed by the British is foreshadowing for more restrictions and intervention to come. The only way we can defeat British corruption is by coming together as one under this pertinent cause.
By the beginning of 1763, the colonials began to refuse British policies. As new imperial policies increased, due to the French and Indian war, the colonials were angered with British rule, and wanted to gain independence. From 1763 to 1776, the British began to impose new policies that greatly intensified colonials resistance to taxation and the limitation of freedom; making their commitment to republican values stronger.
There were three primary goals of why the British planned to reform the colonial relations. The first goal was to eliminate the corruption of the royal officials and crack down on smuggling. The colonies were using smuggling as a way to avoid taxes. Therefore the British used this method as a way to tighten control. The second goal was the limits they placed on the colonist telling them where they could live.
The French and Indian War altered the relationship between Britain and its American colonies politically, economically, and geographically. After the French and Indian War, the countries colonizing North America shifted. By the end of the war the French lost a lot of land to the English. The French lost their land due to the Treaty of Paris. France gave up their land in the Treaty of Paris.
The relationship between Britain and its American colonies was civil at first but began to strain in the mid-1700’s. In the beginning, Britain ruled colonies with little involvement because they were busy dealing with the French and Indian War among other things. As a result of this, the colonies were typically left in charge of themselves with little interference from British authorities. After years of being left alone, the colonists had developed a feeling of freedom and independence. When the war ended there was a significant change in the relations between England and the colonies.
Texas Political Culture There are multiple classifications for political cultures Moralistic political culture- ones believe that the government should promote the public good and in order to ensure that good the citizens should participate in politics and civic activities Individualistic political culture- ones believe that the government must limit their role when providing to society in order to make the citizens able to pursue their economic interests Traditionalistic political culture- ones believe that the government should controlled by political elites and must be guided by tradition. Changes in Texas
There are many factors that lead to a dual identity between the North American colonist and the British. One of the first factors during the 18th century was the colonial economy was growing rapidly. This was largely due to the immense immigration. The Dutch, German and Irish began to weave among the population. During this time, the colonial population was growing just as fast as the economy.
From the sixteenth century, Europeans were satisfied with establishing colonies and carrying out trading and missionary activity in foreign continents. However, in the late nineteenth century, countries were determined to take control over large territories in order to expand their empires, a surge known as the new imperialism. Creating colonies acted as a symbol of prestige and dominance over rival nations. The Europeans also hoped to discover riches and valuable natural resources to open regions to commerce. Additionally, they felt it was their duty to civilize the native people by governing them and converting them to Christianity (Spielvogel and McTighe 226).
The Marāthās, in particular, became so enraged that they eventually gained their independence from the Mughals and established their own empire,” (Gale). The departure of the Marāthās proves the lack of religious tolerance the Mughals had at times. The Marāthās were so enraged at the lack of acceptance that they left the empire rendering it smaller and weaker. This is just one example of the Mughals not only only neglecting to practice religious tolerance, but how refusing to accept all people for their beliefs backfired in the empire’s overall growth and unity.
As the Colonies were growing in population due to large-scale immigration, and as European squabbles boiled over to the Americas, rebellion was brewing. After the French and Indian war, the period salutary neglect abruptly ended. With the Colonies formerly united against France, once that ended their sights focused on the British. In addition to the united anger against the French turning to the British, the colonials realized their similarities and the common bond between all of them. Unity in the colonies saw its boom in the French and Indian War.
How or why did the colonists’ sense of a collective British identity change during the years before 1764? British colonists mainly felt connected to Britain for two reasons. One, they shared the same culture and beliefs, and secondly, Britain was once their home country at one point. As newly formed American’s however, they felt as though their rights were being violated by the British, and as such, their identity started to take a new shape and form a new purpose, which was revolution and patriotism, which in return caused them to fight for what they believed in more and more. The colonists' sense of identity and unity as Americans was further developed when they decided to unite in order to fight the British.
Collectivist Society: The idea that people should prioritize the good of society over the welfare of the individual. Collectivism-- relating closely to the word collection—has to do with the political theory that put the group before the individual. The book Anthem by Ayn Rand depicts a completely collectivist society that is very different from our society in America. The council in the book makes strict laws on how one should never exceed the rest of the population in any aspect; everyone must be the same. Before reading this book I would’ve definitely thought that a collectivist society would be a good thing; one wouldn’t have to worry about choosing a job, not being good enough, or being unlike the others, but Ayn Rand really shows the downside of it and how it is not a good way to live.
The French and Indian War can be argued to have the most effect on altering the relations between Britain and the Colonies. The relationship between these two power houses began very subtle, as England followed through with a policy of salutary neglect toward the Colonies. The consequence of the war caused the Political and the Economic state of Britain to changed dramatically, causing them to act differently towards the Colonies. This made the Ideologies of the colonies change greatly. Becoming a winner of a mass of land was great to reward to Britain, but this caused them to change the way that they were going to govern, especially in North America.
My topic originated from reading Thomas Carlyle and John Stuart Mill 's debate in December 1849-January 1850. Both writers published anonymously in Fraser ' Magazine, with Carlyle writing a violent critique, ‘Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question’, and Mill sending in an outraged response simply entitled ‘The Negro Question’ that appeared in the following issue. Counteracting Carlyle 's very racist vision of the repartition of work among Black and White Jamaicans with arguments undermining that conception , Mill retorted But I again renounce all advantage from facts: were the whites born ever so superior in intelligence to the blacks, and competent by nature to instruct and advise them, it would not be the less monstrous to assert that