The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; this region of the brain is less involved with the control of movement and more involved in formulating plans and strategies. Therefore, If the prefrontal cortex helps to mediate the role of emotions in moral judgements, then damage to this area should impair such judgements (Carlson, N.R., 2010) and result in behaviour considered to be ‘antisocial’. In this essay, I will be interpreting antisocial behaviour as a pattern of behaviour that is verbally or physically harmful to other people, including behaviour that violates social expectations. Dysfunction to the PFC may occur due to many reason; physical trauma, prolonged substance abuse and disease. …show more content…
Alcoholism has been linked to a volume loss of grey and white matter in the frontal lobe, with more noticeable white matter changes. This can lead to executive function impairment and therefore result in antisocial behaviour (Ukermann & Daum, 2008). Being able to correctly identify facial expressions is very important in social situations and a disruption of this ability could lead to misinterpretations and great deficiencies of interpersonal communication. Philippot et al., 1999 (cited in Ukermann & Daum, 2008) presented emotional facial expressions using four intensity levels and the participants were instructed to rate each expression on a seven-point scale. He found that alcoholics displayed severe impairments in interpreting emotional expressions and often overestimated the intensity of the emotion. He also found that alcoholics displayed a tendency to often mislabel sad expressions as hostile or happy expressions as negative. This could in real life situations lead to aggression and antisocial behaviour if they believe that someone is acting hostile towards them when they are in fact not. This again illustrates that damage to the PFC can lead to antisocial …show more content…
Bandura (1971) believed that behaviour was a learnt response and not inherent. This theory could be used to explained why people adopt antisocial behaviour. Bandura (1965) carried out a study known as the ‘Bobo doll studies’ in which children observed adult models behaving aggressively towards the doll and then they were asked to interact with the doll in order to see whether they adopted the aggressive behaviour. In these studies, the children not only became more aggressive but accurately imitated every aspect of the adult models behaviour including; the use of the same weapon, performing the same motor movements towards the same targets and saying the same hostile statements (Powell, Symbaluk & Honey, 2009; Bandura
Alcoholism is a physical and psychological disorder of the brain that involves the chronic and exorbitant consumption of alcoholic beverages. The consumption can be in response to stressful situations, at overwhelming amounts of social activities, and even in the comfort of one's own home. Alcoholism can trigger other psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, and it also has other negative consequences such as kidney failure, heart defects, and even death. An example of alcoholism in a piece of literature is Rex Walls from The Glass Castle. His actions throughout the novel have extremely detrimental consequences for his wife, children, and himself.
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) appears to be the most heavily implicated area of the brain in research into antisocial behaviour and its potential causes. This region of the frontal lobe which is involved in regulating executive functions such as decision-making, response inhibition and social behaviour has been demonstrated to be the central brain structure impaired in antisocial individuals. Evidence shows how dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex impairs judgement and consequently leads to inappropriate social behaviour. Such implications would have significant societal ramifications on the extent to which individuals are, and should be, held accountable for antisocial behaviour. Studies have shown that early-onset prefrontal cortex damage leads to defective social and moral reasoning.
This essay will discuss the role of ecological validity in psychological research, drawing on material from the DE100 textbook ‘Investigating Psychology’. It will begin by giving a description of what ecological validity is, and consider it in relation to different examples of research. The research used to discuss the role of ecological validity will be based around social learning and aggression, behaviourism, and memory. Firstly the study of Bandura et al. will be considered, his experiments on children copying violent behaviours using the Bobo doll experiment.
Eugene and his friend Bobby were so drunk that Eugene was killed over who got the last drink of wine, “The police think Eugene and Bobby fought over the last drink in a bottle of wine”(168). These two cases show how alcoholism
They change their behavior by being more demanding and being controlling. Sober people are very uncontrollable with their feelings from being emotional to driving and having a different behavior. This is all the matter of fact on being under the influnce of
Nature and Nurture Influence on Aggression One psychology debate that remains in today's world is the argument between nature and nurture. Scientists who study behaviors, like psychologists or sociologists, are always arguing about the topic of nature and nurture. Whether nature or nurture plays a more significant role in terms of forming us. Our personality is influenced by many factors in our life, such as the environment or the inherited genes. Some people believe that genes play a bigger part in the formation of our mental traits, such as personality.
Does rTMS Normalizes Hypoactivity in Prefrontal Cortex? An fNIRS-based Randomized Sham – controlled Trial of rTMS Stimulation on the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for the Treatment of Panic Disorder Although panic disorder has been the most investigated anxiety disorder during the past 25 years (Roy-Byrne et al., 2006) treatment resistance issue in panic disorder still remains unsettled. . Cowley and Roy-Byrne (1997) who were investigating treatment failure in pharmacotherapy suggest that the main reason of unsuccessful treatment with medications is intolerable side effects of medication.
Second, drinking alcohol causes is accident. When you feel lack of brained should stop drinking immediately. People should not drink alcohol before driving on the road.
In the university of Harvard in 1961, legendary psychologist Albert Bandura conducted an experiment in which children watched as a woman interacted violently with an inflatable clown. After 10 minutes of watching this, the kids was put into an exciting room filled with toys that were soon taken away. This frustrating the kids and then the frustrated children was left alone with the inflatable clown. The study showed that the children who watched the clown get beat up by the women were much more likely to mimic her aggression, attempting to maul and punch the clown while kids who observed the woman play friendly with the clown either mimicked her kindness or completely ignored the clown. The kids in the experiment started abusing bobo with physical
The evidence is proved by the two studies: Bobo doll experiment by Bandura and the natural experiment conducted by Charleton. It is very practical in its ability to be applied in real life situations. The social cognitive theory can be applied to explain many things such as aggressive behaviors and how behaviors can differ in different cultures. Concerning the construct validity, this is hard to observe and measure because we cannot be certain what actually causes aggressive behaviors. The theory is unbiased, however, looking at the studies, they are both done on children.
Social learning theory states that an individual will model behaviors that one has been exposed to as a child (Chibucos, Leite, & Weis, 2005). As a child, it is through observation and imitating other people that we learn our behaviors and what is acceptable or normal behaviors. Violence is said to be a learned behavior which can be learned directly or indirectly through family members, friends, partners, etc. These learned behaviors are reinforced in childhood and can continue into adulthood through a term called operant conditioning. Bandura (1973) mentions that these behaviors that continue into adulthood typically act as a coping response to stress or as a method of conflict resolution.
Bandura does not put forth stages or time limits on development. He believes that observational learning (imitation, modeling) is key to understanding our development. A young child may observe his parent kindly talking to someone or violently yelling at someone and this will shape how the child conducts his own life. Bandura’s model of learning and development includes 3 elements: behavior, the person/cognition, and the environment. Bandura believes that these three work reciprocally, interactively, not one-way.
ALCOHOLISM How many times have you heard about the consequences of alcoholism? Have you taken them into account? Alcoholism is one of the major problems in society. People don’t take it so seriously but it actually is a disease. The effects of this disease are really serious.
Correspondingly Bandura, Berkowitz and others believed that The Frustration Aggression Hypothesis should be modified and from there research and findings they came up with a theory called The Social Learning Theory. The Social Learning theory argues that frustration does not always lead to aggression but creates a condition of readiness for you to cope in the threatening situation. The theory believes the individual will have a different response based on the ways they have learned to cope in situations in early life, for example the individual may cry, become silent, become recluse, may take his anger out on others and might speak to someone to help vent their aggression. In comparison an experiment undertook by Bandura (1965) demonstrated that aggressive responses can be learned by reinforcement or imitation by modelling which comes under Social Learning theory. Bandura used a blow up doll called a Bobo doll and observed nursery children 's behaviour as adults hit the doll aggressively with different things, when the children were then left in the room with the doll they began to emulate the actions they had seen the adults doing to the doll.
Next, response feedback influences will also impact the occurrence of such behavior in the future. Lastly, it stressed that cognitive functions are important as well. To prove that same behaviors will be learned by individuals following the action of the models and altering their own behaviors, Albert Bandura conducted a famous experiment, known as the Bobo doll experiment in 1961 (McLeod, 2014). Before the experiment, Albert Bandura made 4 predictions. First, children that observed adult acting aggressively will be more likely to act the same.