The Battle of Borneo involved the Japanese, the Dutch and the British battling for certain territories of Borneo to get a strategic advantage for other battles to come. It happened during 13 December 1941 to 1 April 1942. The Japanese were led by Major General Kawaguchi. The Japanese, the Dutch and British were led by the principles of mission command which include competence, mutual trust, shared understanding, commander’s intent, mission orders, disciplines initiative, and risk acceptance. The Japanese, being well prepared and following the principles of mission command were led to victory over their opponents on 1 April 1942.
The Battle of Borneo
Throughout history there have been battles where a person has had to improve their leadership skills as well as learn the principles of mission command. The principles of mission command include competence, mutual trust, shared understanding, commander’s intent, mission orders, disciplined initiative, and risk acceptance (Tolman, 2020). According to the Department of the Army “the mission command approach to command and control is based on the Army’s views that war is inherently chaotic and uncertain” ((ADP 6-0 Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces 2019). The principles of mission command were displayed during the Battle of Borneo in 1941. The
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During the Battle of Borneo Japan knew that they were facing opposition from the United Kingdom, the Dutch as well as other countries involved in the war (WW2 People's war - Timeline 2014). Although facing opposition from these countries they knew they had to fight and take the risk so that they could gain control of the area since it was of great strategic importance (WW2 People's war - Timeline
Before Japan attacked Papua New Guinea, the Allies were already planning attacks onto some Japanese islands. The Japanese were quite aware of their situation and decided to attack Papua New Guinea to slow down the Allied forces from Australia that were pushing into Japan. The first battle with the Japanese involved the 39th Battalion. Both sides clashed at Awala on the 23rd of July.
(The War in Papua: The Strategic Context, 2014). However the main objective of the Japanese had been to capture Port Moresby as it would not only enable them to isolate Australia from the US (Source 2). Japan had originally attempted to capture Port Moresby via the sea but after defeat at two naval battles the Coral Sea
This helped them gain several victories against the Japanese such as the one on nearby
The orders given to the commanders were sometimes unworkable due to the conditions on the ground. In the end though, the strategy used against the Japanese worked. Even though the campaign had been heavily criticised at the time. The allies’ eventual got victory. The campaign also served as a sign of the strengths and weaknesses of the individual soldiers and commanders.
Colonel Paul Freeman commanded the 23rd Regimental Combat Team to victory at the Battle of Chipyong-ni, marking the first major victory by the United States Army over the Chinese Communist Forces (CCF) in the Korean War. This is an account of his heroism and supporting his brothers-in-arms. Colonel Freeman was able to demonstrate mission command through action. He used the following four mission command principles: build cohesive teams through mutual trust, create a shared understanding, provide a clear commander's intent, and accept the prudent risk. Colonel Freeman was able to build cohesive teams through mutual trust, by utilizing engaged leadership, previous combat experiences, and promoting a positive command environment.
However, this conflicted relationship prevented a solidified military strategic vision, with both leaders working against each other to sway the Emperor. By the spring of 1942, Japan had attacked the US bases in Hawaii and in the Philippines, controlled the Dutch Indies, Wake Island, Guam, Thailand, and Burma. The Japanese intended to establish control over the Pacific region and were successful in the execution of their offensive through the late winter of 1942. During the operational pause in early 1942, there were several options the Japanese could have taken to avoid the defeats suffered over the remainder of the war.
Mission command is a skill that is not easily mastered nor is it one that any great commander can live without. General Macarthur was a great commander and he was capable of using mission command to achieve his goals. The landing at Inchon is proof the General Macarthur understood mission command and that he used it. During the landing at Inchon General Macarthur created a shared understanding, provided clear commander’s intent, exercised disciplined initiative, used mission orders and accepted prudent risk. He used these tenants to create and execute an offensive operation that changed the face and direction of a war.
90% of all Japanese oil came from America so the Japanese had no choice but to respond.2 FDR provoked Japan into attacking for their very
Secondly, Japanese people were willing to do anything to win the war like kamikaze attacks (Doc. C). “In these kamikaze attacks, more than 3,000 ruthless Japanese pilots were killed, and there were more than 7,000 casualties among American, Australian, and British personnel (OI/http://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-kamikaze-strikes). This quote shows just how much japan was willing to do.
Japan had great victories, until the war had settled because of the assistance that the Chinese had from United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union and they were threatening economic sanctions against Tokyo. Japan needed natural resources because their industrial economy depends on imported materials, especially oil. Cause of Germany’s invasion in Europe, Japan had a great opportunity to take advantage of the natural resources in Southeast Asia. They started by Manchuria, until they found another opportunity to invade French Indochina when France was capitulated in June 1940. However, the United States wanted to stop Japanese expansion by freezing Japan’s assets in the United States.
A couple hours before the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan landed in northern Malaya. Japan wanted to attack Malaya because it was a large producer of rubber and tin. This attack would also capture Singapore; Japan would use that land as a military base. The commander in charge of this attack was General Yamashita. His army was made up of 60,000 soldiers who all had war experience against China.
General Patton, in the Battle of the Bulge exercised the principles of mission command to the fullest and they yielded significantly great results for the Allied forces. General Patton employed each of the principles in different ways in order to ensure that the German surprise attack did not significantly set back the Allied forces in the war. The exercise of mission command allows a commander to conduct military operations and missions through dispersed execution. According to Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 6-0, Mission Command, the definition of mission command is “the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified land operations”. General Patton exhibited four of the mission command principles extremely well during the Battle of the Bulge.
Cmdr. Joseph Rochefort and the U.S.’s overall superior strategies of Nimitz and Fletcher was the true reason for why the U.S.’s seemingly impossible victory became possible. The two key themes that I will focus analysis on is the failures in the Japanese strategic planning and execution at Midway and U.S. determination and resilience to keep pushing on even after things, especially with USS carriers leading up to and during the actual war was falling apart. Symonds begins to argue his case by dissecting Japan’s plans for conquest and domination in the Pacific. He starts with looking at the Japanese failure by several of their military philosophies.
Returning to the 4th Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) to assume command as the brigade commander brings me much joy to be reunited with great Non-Commission Officers and Officers that I have previously served with. Unfortunately, this brigade is no longer the brigade I remember when I commanded a battalion within the 4th ABCT not so long ago. In the last 30 days, I have had the opportunity to observe the ABCT and review a multitude of historical documents to assess the state of the brigade. During my observation, I believe the critical leadership problem in the 4th ABCT’s is the lack of vision for the brigade. Therefore, this critical problem has led to other challenging issues within the brigade.
“Letters from Iwo Jima” is considered a historically accurate representation of the conflict in Iwo Jima. However, it misrepresents some facts that could affect our understanding on The Battle of Iwo Jima. Firstly, one aspect of The Battle of Iwo Jima that the film accurately depicted was Kuribayashi’s strategy. The Japanese defence of Jima would have been defence-in-depth, a military tactic that included