The Pros And Cons Of Mandatory Vaccination

Throughout history, we have seen many unethical forms of human research done, which have ultimately led to dire consequences (Brandt, Lecture 7, Slide 6). Today, ethical research tools have been put forward to determine when experimentation for human research should be allowed. Equipoise is the balance between two conflicting demands, where one demand will promote the welfare of the patient while the other demand will promote the advancement of medical knowledge (Freedman, 1987, 95). There are two types of equipoise: clinical equipoise and therapeutic equipoise. Clinical equipoise looks at the balance through the scientific community, whereas therapeutic equipoise looks at the balance through the judgment of a single physician (Weiger et al., 2013, 93).

State-mandated policies require certain childhood immunization to be completed prior to entry into school. Ethical debate has occurred over whether states have this right to mandate these vaccinations or if families should have the freedom to choose based on religious and philosophical conflicts in beliefs. Though regulations regarding vaccinations may violate one 's autonomy, the government believes they are just in requiring them in order to protect the greatest number of people (History of Vaccines, 2018). In recent years the rate of refusal has been on the rise so this paper will discuss the pros and cons of mandated vaccinations as well as related ethical issues.

The debate that encloses the issue about using traditional medication as a primary health care is still prevailing provided the recurring side effects and risks that has been discussed by people all over the world for a long time. People have been taking sides whether to choose the alternative or the conventional method in curing diseases. Traditional or alternative medicine is “the knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, used in the maintenance of health and in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness” (Galor, 2011, p. 1). Alternative medicine “includes any therapy or remedy that is not generally accepted or provided by the dominant medical establishment in a given culture” (Na, D. & Larimore, W., 2001, p. 2).

This incident changed the laws in medical practices, which in eventually affected pharmacy practices. It created the Belmont report ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research in 1979 which protected the right of the individuals who are doing any form of research. The government passed the National Research Act which created a commission to write regulations governing human test subjects. The Tuskegee experiment is significant to pharmacist as well as the history of America because patients trust on healthcare professional shifted from Doctors to Pharmacist. African Americans qualm Doctors; they also question the motives of Doctors.

John Locke has published many works but this essay will be focusing on a limited scope of his works, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, The Two Treaties of Government, and An Essay Concerning Toleration and how they have influenced the modern western world. John Locke was a practicing physician, with his choice of career ultimately leading him to the First Earl of Shaftsbury; a truly decisive relationship in Locke’s career. He pursued his education in medicine at Oxford University and went on to become a licensed practitioner. The First Earl of Shaftsbury invited

Those curiosity-driven procedures led to many medical discoveries, cures, and medications. However, what was best for the patient, or volunteer, was cast aside. During the 20th century, the fear of this happening

Today’s health care professionals know that this is not the correct way of practicing. When researchers study diseases or conditions they look at many patients to confidently deduce a particular condition and how to treat it in different patients. (1) Evidence is always vital when it comes to medicines, it should be known how efficacious a medicine is based on evidence, possible contraindications as well as the adverse side effects. All this should be based on research and evidence which is always needed in order to provide the best possible pharmaceutical care to the patient.

A culture is, “Patterns or behaviors that are common to a group,” (Wiley &Allen p. 7). Western industrialized societies such as the United States, see disease as a result of natural scientific phenomena, promote medical treatments that battle microorganisms or use complex technology to diagnose and treat these diseases. Other societies believe that illness is because of spiritual interventions that counter the disfavor of powerful forces. These thought differences are what separates cultures, and the reason behind the lack of ability to achieve health.

Considering the high cost of medical errors in terms of human lives and loss of trust in health care systems, patient safety has become a major area for improvement in health care organizations to mitigate or reduce the incidence of preventable medical errors [2]. The purpose of this study is to assess the current organizational safety culture in NCCCR and HH as perceived by employees, and to assess the impact of the organizational culture on medication error reporting.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE Benjamin DM: according to him reducing medication errors and improving patient safety have become common topics of discussion in United States. Federal and state legislators, the insurance industry, pharmaceutical companies, health care professionals, and patients are worried about the error scenario in the country. According to him improving the judicious use of medications and minimizing adverse drug reactions have always been key areas of research and study for people working in clinical pharmacology, added to the older terms of adverse drug reactions and rational therapeutics, the now politically correct expression of medication error has emerged. The word error has drawn attention to another term "prevention" and all

According to the national vaccine information center website the injury act was out into place to make sure that the children and there families will be financially be taken care or in the event that injury or even death occurred form vaccines to the child. I think another good thing about the injury act is that health care providers need to keep written records of the vaccines as well as give parents information about the pro 's and con 's of the vaccines. I think that it should be mandatory because I feel like if you don 't vaccinate your child you are not only putting you child at risk but someone else 's child at risk as well. According to the website www.vaccines.gov immunizations can protect future generations for instance smallpox no

Developments in HPV vaccines is important, not only for HPV prevention efforts, but also for the overall continued success of vaccination as one of public health 's most valuable

Clinical trials have been a boon to modern medicine by broadening the knowledge surrounding disease plaguing the human race and providing a tangible measure of the success and symptoms of treatments to combat these diseases. However each progression in science comes with unintended consequences, in the case of clinical trials it was corruption at the expense of the human volunteers. The Tuskegee Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service and Tuskegee Institute in 1932, is an infamous example of clinical trials crossing the ethical line. However what is ethics? As noted by The Basics of Social Research by Earl Babbie, ethics are a social construction and subjective.

The research topic I am proposing, how did the medical field impact the civil war, compared to hundreds of years later and how would the advancements later would affect the war? I will address the different aspects of the medicine as it relates to the war and how medicine technological advancements would impact the war. Important topics that contribute to the research are the alternative medicine that were implemented during the time. How did it affect the care providers and soldiers at the time? Also the common diseases that plagued the people, not only that

Therefore, when making a decision on whether or not to adopt a mandatory flu vaccine policy, health care workers would consider carefully about the state law, employment contract about the issue, and whether you have a legal right to an exemption from the policy