Isopentyl Acetate Synthesis

Since alkenes are immiscible with concentrated HBr, tetrabutylammonium bromide is used as a phase-transfer catalyst. It forms a complex with HBr and extracts it from the aqueous phase into the organic phase where the alkene is. This dehydrates the acid, making it more reactive so that the addition reaction is possible. Rapid stirring is required in order to maximize the surface area

The converse is also true. If we add additional product to a system, the equilibrium will shift to the left, in order to produce more reactants. Or, if we remove reactants from the system, equilibrium will also be shifted to the left. Thus, according to Le Chatelier's principle, reversible reactions are self-correcting; when they are thrown out of balance by a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, the system will naturally shift in such a way as to "re-balance" itself after the

Theories In this experiment set-up, acetic anhydride is added to salicylic acid in the presence of a catalyst, concentrated sulphuric acid. Acetylsalicylic acid and acetic acid are then produced, after the mixture is heated. Esterification is the chemical process of ester formation. Esters are produced when alcohols and carboxylic acids are heated in the presence of an acid catalyst, and in this case, acetylsalicylic acid is produced when salicylic

Sodium Bicarbonate mixed with Hydrochloric acid. The chemical reaction observed showed that there was fizzing and bubbling, this is evidence that a new gas was being produced. This new gas, CO2 was generated from the reaction. After the fizzing stopped a liquid was leftover leading me to conclude the liquid leftover leading me to conclude the liquid leftover was the NaCl and H2O 4. You found a sample of a solution that has a faint odor resembling vinegar (an acid).

This causes the indicator to change colour due to the colour difference from the undissociate molecules. Strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes and are assumed to ionize completely in the presence of water. Weak acids however, only ionize to a limited extend in water. Any weak or strong acids when in contact with any weak or strong alkali will start to undergo neutralization regardless of their volume. When an indicator which is present in the acid-base mixture and have experienced colour change, it indicates that the mixture is in right proportions to neutralize each other and is also known as the equivalence point.

3. To purify and identify the product, recrystallization is used in order to purify the product, then melting point and TLC techniques are used to identify the product. Theory 4. In nucleophilic substitution reactions, there are two possibilities, either Sn1 or Sn2. In this particular experiment, an Sn2 reaction

The aqueous layer was drained, and NaOH was added to neutralize the solution, and deprotonate the conjugate acid to reform the original base, which, as an organic base, was mostly insoluble in an aqueous solution, and precipitated out. Similarly, NaOH deprotonated the organic acid to form a polar water soluble conjugate base. When HCl was added to neutralize the solution, the conjugate base was reprotonated, and the largely insoluble organic acid precipitated out. Sodium sulfate crystals were added to the neutral compound in the organic solvent, because of their hygroscopic property, in order to remove all water from the ethyl acetate solution. The crystals were then filtered out using a piece of cotton with a glass funnel, which ideally trapped and removed all sodium sulfate

Vitamin C titration is needed to perform this task in addition to standardizing of Iodine solution. This titration method is a redox reaction with potassium iodate in the presence of potassium iodide (Helmenstine, n.d.). The end point of the titration can be understood by the color change during titration. In this experiment, the addition of iodine to vitamin C in acidic solution with the presence of starch was stopped once color of solution started to change dark purple color from colorless

The hydroxyl group (-OH) of NaOH attacks an electrophilic carbon of >N-C=O which as rearrangement gives carbonial . This carbonial abstract proton from water to give NAG. The established over degradation of NAG to 4-MBA was also obseved in alkali condition. Degradation pathway of AN is shown in Fig.3. The isolated degradation products are subjected to Mass studies to obtain their accurate mass fragment patterns.

Grignard reagent is added to get an alcohol which may be secondary alcohol or tertilly alcohol and it also may form a primary alcohol, if an organometallic halide is added to formaldehyde. We can also get alkanes from this reagent by adding it to water, this type of reactions happens by the expulsion of weak acid from it's salt and using another strong acid. In general, in Grignard reagent it's be the addition of an organomagnesium halide to aldehyde or ketone . 1- Grignard reagents react with oxygen of the air or moisture but the air must be replaced with an inert gas like, argon or nitrogen because these reagents are so sensitive to moisture and oxygen. Properties of Grignard reagents : 2- Grignard reagents dissolve rabidly in two types of ethers, alicyclic ether and aliphatic ether and they also dissolve in other solvents.