Summary: Challenges Against The Third Republic

The American Democracy Now textbook explains about the different 9 chapters, such as The Constitution, Federalism, Civil Liberties, Public Opinion, Interest Groups, Political, and etc. Within each of the 9 chapters it describes a brief history of America and how it help mold and shaped the way we live, and the way we think from a different perspective of a person opinion.

The ‘Reign of Terror’ was not justified because the it took away the rights that the French government had achieved during French Revolution. One piece of evidence for this was that during the reign of terror the French people had no freedom of religion. A detail that supports this was the fact that during the Reign of Terror, people were not allowed to practise any religion, especially Christianity.

In September 1793 to July 1794, the Reign of Terror killed over 40,000 people in France using the guillotine a machine that made it a simple way to execute a mass amount of people. The Reign of Terror was led by no other than , Robespierre. He was trying to form a new government but instead caused thousands of people to be massacred. Ultimately, The Reign of Terror in France was not justified because the threats did not require it, the methods were too extreme and It did not support the ideals of the revolution.

Should people be persecuted for their beliefs? The Reign of Terror lasted less than two years, from the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793 to late July 1794. During those eighteen months, more than 20,000 French people were put to death by guillotine. Guillotines were large falling blades that were used by political extremists called radicals to decapitate conservatives, who were people that wanted to keep the old ways. It is not right for people to be persecuted for their beliefs. The Reign of Terror in France was not justified. This claim can be supported by looking at three areas: external threat, the internal threat, and the methods.

The Third Reich, referring to Hitler’s reign and Germany being under Nazi rule between the years 1933-1945, is often referred to as a totalitarian state. A totalitarian state is a system of government in which all power is centralized and does not allow any rival authorities, and the state controls every corner of individual lives with absolute power. Nazi Germany has been referred to as an excellent example of this type of government. This essay will analyse five aspects of Nazi Germany to determine whether it truly exhibited the totalitarian style of government.

The French Revolution was one of the most significant wars that changed France’s history. The Revolution started in 1789 and ended in 1799 and was mainly initiated by the conditions affecting the Third Estate. Louis XVI was predominately the king during this time period but little did he know that an uprising among the peasants was happening. The French Revolution was caused by the Enlightenment ideas because of the American Revolution, the knowledge of rights, and the questioning of France’s government. The American Revolution was basically the “fire” that ignited the change the Third Estate wanted to see in their country. The French people’s knowledge of their rights led them to believe that it is possible to achieve fairness and be respected in their own province. And lastly, the idea of questioning France’s government had peasants discover that their king barely even cared about their well-being and restricted them of representation.

During the process Maximum government law was created, allowing higher taxes on the rich, social reform, and free education. These acts created violent uprisings that were later broken up during the reign of terror led by Robespierre. Due to the great victory of the army the new reforms seemed pointless and the man who sponsored them Robespierre was overthrown and sentenced to death by execution and the Maximum government law was dissolved. In the southeast and also the west the national convention was dispersed when royalists tried to seize power in Paris, these royalists were destroyed by Napoleon Bonaparte the young French General. The constant struggle between the war and different risings of political powers and assemblies also revolutionaries and counterrevolutionaries led to the complete dissolve of the republic and the 18

“The Fundamental Principle of a Republic” is a speech about women’s suffrage spoken by Anna Howard Shaw. This specific speech was given at the New York State equal suffrage campaign at the City Opera House in Ogdensburg, New York on June 21, 1915. Anna Howard Shaw was a well-known suffrage orator and social reformer. In addition to talking about women’s suffrage, this speech mentions how we, as a country, say we are a Republic but we really aren’t. The speech explains how we aren’t, by mentioning how not everyone has a say in things. It mostly deals with voting rights and women’s rights.

The historical development of the world from 1690 to 1830 wouldn’t be what it was if it weren’t for John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government. Locke’s Second Treatise not only sparked individualism, but also revolutions, and was a guide to the creations of declarations around the world. Two main revolutions and declarations that Locke’s ideas inspired were the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

“Qu 'est-ce que le tiers état”/ “What Is the Third Estate” by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes was one of the French Revolution’s most momentous and prominent political texts, shaping the course of events in 1789. It is a pamphlet structured around three hypothetical questions and Sieyes responses.

In this paper I discuss the four phases of the French revolution and how they influenced one and other, these phases consist of The National assembly/ The Constitutional Monarchy, The Reign of Terror, The Directory, and the Age of Napoleon.

The militaristic inclination of France during the late 18th and early 19th century was the culmination of the idealism of the newly adopted French political system, and the abrupt character of French people's motivation to implement these ideals. As discontent with the despotic system of government in France increased in magnitude and scale, the will to fight in order to achieve equality became gained momentum. Factors such as the rapid spread of enlightenment ideals, the socio-economic inequity of the three estate system, and leaders’ utilization of French citizens’ new sense of justice to incite warfare, all come together to create an militaristic, imperial French nation.

Throughout the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the unrest and turmoil in Europe created serious tension among society. High-ranking political figures needed to find a way to calm the European population down by giving them somebody to blame for the current and developing problems, since they feared that they would be forced to take responsibility for the chaos. These leaders held the Jewish population accountable for the deteriorating quality of life in Europe, especially in regards to the economic instability.

The Dreyfus Affair is France’s most infamous miscarriage of justice.1 From Alfred Dreyfus’s unfair arrest in 1894 through to the end of his rehabilitation in 1906, the Affair divided opinion in France. This division created two ‘hostile camps’ which filtered into France’s political spectrum.2 Whilst on one side there were the Dreyfusards, convinced of Dreyfus’s innocence, on the other, the Anti-Dreyfusards believed he was guilty. During this time, it was evident that politics were very quickly becoming more polarised and unstable once more.3 In the four years leading up to World War One for example, France had nine different governments.

France became decentralized state and the nobility with their titles became powerful and the authority of the king became less effective. The powerful noblemen were constantly challenging the authority of the king.