The Transactional Theory Of Stress And Coping

The patient is also asked to consider the negative consequences they imagine will occur if they confront the feared stimuli and do not perform their compulsive actions. Exposure starts with only moderately distressing stimuli and only when the patient

Behavioural approach is a theory to simplify human behaviour through observations. This theory focuses on the environment as a controlling factor to human/animal and that we are the result of the environmental influences. It concentrates on stimuli that trigger’s human, animal behaviour and

Unstable condition of anyone of the party may lead to disastrous results. Therefore, the identification of stress management skills for caregivers like Alice is very crucial. Stress management involves different methods aiming to prepare a person with various effective adaptation plans for combating psychological stress so to have a better life. (http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/stress-management/home/ovc-20255469) As there are various stress management skills for caregivers, the following are some stress management skills chosen as regards Alice’s current condition which hopefully can be effective to her.

In this paper is going to discuss and compare how George Simmel’s the stranger is parallel to "W. E. B." Du Bois’s double consciousness. How each theory or term are similar and different. Both theorists talks be an outsider one way or the other. Either by society or W.E.B Du Bois wrote "The souls of Black Folk" in 1903. The book explained the effects of racism on African Americans and how they view themselves.

The notion of "meme," as described in Susan Blackmore's essay "Strange Creatures" is a rather confusing topic. She tends to give us a sense of humiliation, suggesting that we are nothing but imitations or copies of other, indicating that we are not creative enough to innovate ideas our self. However, Alain de Botton's essay "On Habit" can serve as an interpretation to the fact that us humans are creative enough to innovate our own new ideas, and that the word "meme" does not really tell us everything about the world. The main problem lying within the notion of "meme" is that it seems to be too negative. It willfully obscures the idea of human creativity and innovation.

The nature vs. nurture debate is a philosophical, scientific, and cultural, debate about what causes an individual’s actions, personality, and most importantly their behavioral traits. Nature can be defined as someone’s influence from genetic behaviors, while nurture is caused by someones environment and experience. Nature is how a person acts based on their genetic inheritance and some other biological factors, they have been proven to be an important factor in the development of many mental health conditions such as depression and being bipolar. Whereas nurture affect those mental health conditions where a person develops that illness depending on their environment. Frankenstein can be seen as a prime example of the Nature versus Nurture

Gordon Allport, American Psychologist, defines social psychology as a discipline that uses the scientific method in an effort to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. In other words, social psychology tries to understand how a person 's behavior is swayed by the social situation in which that behavior takes place. Human beings naturally seek to feel a sense of belonging, a need to be an accepted member of a group. This fundamental need makes humans vulnerable to social pressures, provoking a change of behavior to go along with the group even if they are not in agreement with the group. While there are many subtopics in social psychology,

In the article entitled “Nature and Nurture debate” the author explains how “aggressive behavior causing abuse can be justified by the "behavioral genes" once the researchers have proven their existence”

Historically, the study of motivation is the result of the analysis of behavior from the causes of behavior. Conversely, the attribution theory deduces the cause of behavior from behavioral consequences. Hence, the attribution is the causal explanation and inference that the observers make to predict and evaluate human behavior. In summary, attribution is seeking causes of results. That is to say, people analyze their own behavior or others by utilizing their perceptions, thoughts, judgments and so on, and then they find out and explain the reasons for those behaviors.

According to (Krohne, 2002) who classified coping as a theory and grouped it into diverse categories relying on two diversified methods, either trait vs. state oriented technique or microanalytic vs. macroanalytic approach, has defined coping as “the cognitive and behavioral efforts made to master, tolerate, or reduce external and internal demands and conflicts among them.” On the other hand, (Folkman & Lazarous, 1984) integrated the definition of coping for both animals and humans as a progressive growth that causes a reduction in the reactions of animals as well as in human trial. While all these researchers have defined the concept of coping relying on different perspectives, (Pearlin & Schooler, 2016) have structured the significant and rigid aspects that form the concept. These aspects are positive comparisons, which are illustrated as the type of situations that people confront and consider as less intense when they actually seem to be harsh when they are viewed. The second element is selective ignoring, which is elucidated as looking around or seeking for a positive feature while being in a very disturbing surrounding.

Positive reinforcement is when an event increases after a certain behavior. Negative reinforcement is when something unwanted is removed after a behavior. The psychological stressors are connected with biological influences. How can a person determine the biological influences associated with substance abuse leading to dependence? This is noticed by the sensitivity to the substance, and the amount of substance necessary to receive a response.

Briefly, attachment theory is one of the influential developmental concept that underlines the human behavior and interaction and in addition to psychopathology and psychotherapy (Mickelson et al., 1997). It has been argued that attachment theory can contribute our understanding of psychosis development and maintenance (Liotti &Gumley, 2009). Psychosocial models of psychosis took attachment theory as their reference to examine psychosis development (Read & Gumley, 2010). Evidence from Dozier (1990) and Dozier et al.(1991) underlined that psychosis patients significantly had high levels of insecure attachment when compared to non psychotic patients. In particular, associations between avoidant attachment and psychosis found (Berry et al., 2008).