- Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of this study is premised on the agency theory (AGT) propounded by Jensen and Meckling (1976). AGT emphasizes the agency problems arising from the separation of ownership and control. AGTemphasized the connection between providers of corporate finances and those entrusted to manage the affairs of the firm. According to Jensen and Meckling (1976), agency relationship in terms of “a contract under which one or more persons (the principals) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves the delegation and concentration of control on the board of directors (agent)” (as cited in Lanis & Richardson, 2011). Furthermore, AGT explained the variations in decisions;
…show more content…
For instance, Salihu, Obid & Annuar (2014) study appraised the influence of substantial government ownership on corporate tax avoidance. The data for the investigation emanated from the top 100 Malaysian forms over a three-year financial period. The results of the system GMM estimation of the dynamic panel data models using four similar measures of tax avoidance revealed an inconclusive finding. The connection between government ownership and corporate tax avoidance is documented for only two of the measures. A further qualitative enquiry through personal interview sessions with ten tax auditors revealed a similar inconclusive …show more content…
This study was based on the analysis of a sample of 73 French firms on the SBF 120 index for the period 2006-2010. The study utilized regression analysis in order to explore which variables that can reduce tax aggressiveness. Variables of board size, board diversity, return on assets and size of the firm were employed. The results revealed that board size and the percentage of women in the board influence the activity of tax aggressiveness. However, return on assets and size of the firm is significantly and positively associated with tax aggressiveness.
Zarai (2013) study provided a wide-range investigation, by establishing a link between corporate tax planning and debt endogeneity. This study proposed a tax framework for studying debt endogeneity. Using a sample of standard and poor (S&P) 500 firms, the results of the simultaneous equation demonstrated that leverage; return on assets and net operating loss are the main factors determining corporate tax
1.Autonomy is the freedom to make one’s own decisions without coercion (Miller, 66). When an individual possesses autonomy, they can decide things like where they will work, where they want to live, or where they will receive medical care. This paper will cover the significance of autonomy, and how it leads to happiness. Additionally, why autonomy is so crucial in a medical setting. Also, how physicians misuse the autonomy of their patients.
These balances, as well as income tax expense, are determined through management's estimations, interpretation of tax law for multiple jurisdictions and tax planning. If the Company's actual results differ from estimated results due to changes in tax laws, changes in store locations, settlements of tax audits or tax planning, the Company's effective tax rate and tax balances could be affected. As such, these estimates may require adjustment in the future as additional facts become known or as circumstances change. Changes in the Company's assumptions and judgments can materially affect amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets and statements of income
Block says instrumentalism and relative autonomy would explain the actions of the state during the 2008 Economic crises. Blocks explanation of instrumentalism and relative autonomy hinges on the dynamics of three groups State Officials, the Capitalist Class, and the Working Class. Block states in normal times the states structural interests are centered on business confidence, capital investment, a strong economy, revenue, and public support through social programs all of which equal a strong state. However, during a crisis or extra times the state is interested in expanding their role in state government and exerting relative autonomy as it did during the 2008 economic crises, when the state saved the day, and intervened with bailouts for
More liquidity is what manger and shareholders are looking for to determine whether the company has the ability to cover the short-term liabilities. The current ratio value for the year 2013 calculated in comparison to 2012 shows decrease in liabilities. To measure the debt-equity rate of the company, show if a business is using the fitting amount of debt financing (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). Greater potential on return and greater bankruptcy risk are shown by higher ratios (Parrino, Kidwell, Bates, 2012). The debt interest rate in 2012 was 15% information revealed the SG&A expenses ratio to income is blank unlike the net year which, is nearly 40% for 2013, long-term debt from the year 2012 to year 2013 has nearly increased by
This essay is occupied with analyzing whether the agentic state theory developed by Professor Stanley Milgram is a valid explanation for the behaviour of participants in obedience experiments. It starts with defining and describing the abovementioned theory and continues with providing academic research evidence, in order to illustrate the arguments for and against the statement presented above. The essay ends by providing the key conclusions drawn from the analysis, while also attempting to give an answer to whether Milgram’s agentic state theory could indeed be characterized as valid in explaining the behaviour of participants in obedience experiments. The agentic state theory is one of the two main theories that Milgram has developed (the other is the theory of conformism), in order to explain the behaviour of its participants in its obedience
Sally’s Beauty Holding, Inc., who has a current ratio of 2.4, is quicker to turn their current asset into cash but also is not investing excess assets. Both companies are able to meet their debt obligations. On the other hand, Coty’s Inc. current liabilities exceeds their current assets revealing their current ratio to be .94. Having a ratio below one can imply that current assets are barely being covered by the current liabilities. Ulta Beauty’s debt-to-equity is estimated to be .65, which reveals Ulta Beauty to have a low risk and not using high amounts of debt to finance operations, because total liabilities is $1,001,660 and total shareholders’ equity is $1,550,218.
There was a study done that examined the self-control theory by using the criminal records of 500 adults. There were four indicators that were taken: aliases, social security numbers, dates, and place of birth that were used to create a self-control measure. “Negative binomial regression models indicated that offenders who scored low on the self-control measure accumulated significantly more violent index, property index, white-collar, and nuisance arrests net the effects of control variables. These findings contribute to the empirical support for self-control theory and indicate that self-control is salient using a criminal sample” (Matt Delisi, 2001, College of health and human sciences, georgia state university).
This changed when they decided to announce to the public that the agent's services were holding a cable on behalf of the business. Because the client relies on this particular assumption, they are also based on the existence of an agency relationship. This would make the principal, the store, entitled to recover damages from the customer caused by the agent.
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Introduction K-12 is an education system where the students would be more challenged and they would furnish their own skills in what they like to do (Anonymous, 2012). The senior high school covers the last 2 years of K-12, where the students can learn things that could help them in their college life or in the future. Junior high school students should learn how to make decisions that could help them in the future. Junior high school students in ADIS have their own strengths and weaknesses, and once that the students learn to improve their strengths and diminish their weaknesses; they can be one of the greatest people that lived on earth.
Benefits and Challenges of Multi-Agency Introduction Multi-agency can be defined as the involvement of different corporations which works together to eliminate vital issues or problems in the society. The involvement of ranges of professionals in an integrated way provides a strong platform which helps to attain a positive outcome for the young generation and the children. The working in partnership the key element of multi-agency, therefore the working of the multi-agency is faces variety of changes, however the perspectives and approach of the agency is supported by the government to enhance social condition, education and health facilities (Atkinson, 2005). The main objective of this research paper is to identify the working process and to recognize the challenges in the working mechanism. Therefore, the main aim is to analyse and investigate the working mechanism and different models of multi-agency.
Throughout history, society has often placed unfair restrictions on different people based on intrinsic characteristics including gender, race, and religion. Despite these restrictions, there have been prominent figures like Martin Luther King Jr and Helen Keller who highlight the importance human agency. In the case of Samuel Sheldon’s Lonely Londoners and Michelle Cliff’s Abeng, human agency shares a common meaning which is the capacity for humans to act independently considering the inherent constraints society places upon them. Both authors explore this concept of human agency by scrutinizing the constraints that their characters face, most notably society’s perception of race and the irony in gender roles for Moses and Clare. Although
Introduction The main objective of this particular case study is to assist Victor Dubinski, the current CEO of Blaine Kitchenware, decide whether or not repurchasing shares and changing the firm’s capital structure in favor of more debt could actually be benefit the company and its shareholders. Blaine Kitchenware is a small cap, public company who focuses on selling various different residential kitchen appliances. Up until this point, the company has only used cash and equity financing to acquire independent kitchen appliance manufacturers, and expand into foreign markets abroad. Given their excess cash and lack of debt, Blaine Kitchenware is considered to be “over-liquid and under-leveraged” (Luehrman & Heilprin, 2009).
INTRODUCTION Self-Determination Theory (SDT) was conceived by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan. This theory is concerned with human motivation, personality, and optimal functioning. For the purpose of SDT and work motivation, motivation is considered the core of biological, cognitive, and social regulation. Instead of just looking at the amount of motivation, self-determination theory focuses on different types of motivation.
Background information on the theory ‘Behaviorism’ It was invented by John Broadus Watson who was born on January 9, 1878 who died on September 25, 1958 (aged 80). He was residing in New York City, New York. His Nationality is American. Mr. J. Broadus was in the field of Psychology.
Personality is one of the main areas of psychology research. Over the years, researchers developed theories trying to explain how people are different and similar. Personality traits were grouped together to be determinants of more general traits such as Extraversion, Agreeableness or Neuroticism. The traits were tested for various correlations. All this to better understand why people behave the way they do and how big impact does the personality have on behaviour.