Theoretical Framework
In a number of complex ways, the way in which women are represented on television is directly related to women’s lives. Julie D’Acci states “the tight interweaving of institutional constrains and women’s lived experience of television construction of femininity and women's understanding of themselves as women are impossible to pick apart” (D’Acci, 1994). Television has been noted as having the ability to reconfigure and reinforce social norms, helping to shape the audiences ideas about how they should behave, who we are and how we conceive each other. Television is constantly changing in response to the ever changing cultural and social conditions. Television’s ongoing
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After the war ended, women were no longer needed in the workforce and were expected to return to pre-war beliefs and focus on marriage, housekeeping and child rearing. The image of the happy housewife became the image that many women strived to achieve and was on the more frequent depictions of women in television, magazines and advertisements. Television played a vital role in the postwar era in reflecting the changes in society as well as influencing the future. Women began to look at the lives of their mothers and saw the unhappiness and decided that was not the life that they wanted to live. Though with the stereotype of the spinster and old maid, many were still afraid to remain single. Especially due to the fact that at this time women who were unmarried were unable to obtain bank loans and credits cards. Even in terms of employment, jobs that were aimed at women would request for specific physically attractive appearances. Greater opportunities for women began in the early 1960s, due to significant changes taking place on a political level. Eleanor Roosevelt headed The Commission on the Status of Women issued a report in 1963, which found that in America discrimination against women did exist and laws needed to be introduced in order to achieve better gender equality. Introducing The Equal Pay Act in 1964 which saw both men and women entitled to receive the same amount of pay for the same work. In 1962, Helen Gurley Brown released Sex and the Single Girl and Betty Friedan released The Feminine Mystique in 1963, both critically important texts and brought realisation to the value of women having their own identities and careers. These two texts helped to inform women they could in fact find self fulfillment on their own terms, Brown focusing on the single girl who was free from the sexual
Since there was many educational opportunities for women it began to lead more and more women to find their potential meaningful of their individual professional career. Also women 's salaries increased but not to the amount that men received. Even though women did not quite make as much as men do, it still felt like a huge accomplishment because it was much better circumstances than they had before. In 1972 the Equal Rights Amendment passed which lingered around congress for nearly fifty-five years. The wording of the ERA was simply understood: “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”
Gender stereotypes were also omnipresent in television shows, which inevitably intensified exposure to images of inequality. However, television started changing in the 1970s and 1980s,
Before World War I, women was just the typical housewives, taking care of their
During WWII to most men were drafted to join the military. This some what forced many women to take on the jobs most held by men at the time. When the Baby Boom happened, many Americans viewed this as a chance to get women back as household keepers. Many magazines at the time promoted sending women back to housewives. They would post articles like “Cooking To Me Is Poetry” and “Femininity Begins At Home”.
The Comstock Act and Griswold v. Connecticut The New York Times published two articles, “Breaking up the Trade in Obscene Literature-What has been Done Since March” and “7-to-2 Ruling Establishes Marriage Privileges-Stirs Debate,” each about one hundred years apart. The first article, published in 1872, is in reference to the Comstock Act and the second, published in 1965, discusses the Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut. By analyzing these articles, looking at the information presented and omitted by the author and looking at the connotations of the words used to describe people or events, the popular opinion of the times can be determined and compared to show a cultural shift over time.
Although many women went back to being homemakers times would never be the same again (“Women” 3). The experience they had during WWII was remarkable for them, but they were told to go back home while the men go to work. Women were not having it, they wanted to prove that they were capable as men. When the world saw what women were doing other than being a housewife, their perspective on women change. People were now starting to realize that women could do so much more than cleaning and cooking.
The Equal Pay Act of 1965 insured women that they would be paid equally within the workplace. The passing of Roe v. Wade in 1973 was also crucial to the growth of women’s rights, since it protected the rights of a woman having an abortion within the United
In the book, The Rise of Enlightened Sexism by Susan Douglas, gives insight and knowledge that digs deep into pop culture explaining how the media portrays the appearances of women that are in powerful positions in our culture. The appetencies tent undermines the actual progress of women. Douglas is interested in what these pop culture ideals shows about our culture. The way we react to women in our culture with powerful influence. What do these shows do to the female imagine in our culture?
(Doc. 2) The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is a legal document intended to secure equal pay for men and women. In this aspect, the document is trustworthy and strongly supports my thesis that the women's rights movement was created to achieve equal pay. (Purpose Doc. 2) The Excerpt from the Equal Pay Act 1970 (United Kingdom) requires
Every once in awhile, shows such as Leave It to Beaver or Father Knows Best come up while surfing the tv guide. While these are two examples of remarkably popular television shows of the mid 1900’s, they also portray the gender normalities of the time period. Gender roles were simply and precisely defined. Men went to work and made the money, while the women stayed home to take care of the house and kids. However, as humanity enters the sixteenth year of the twenty first century, this precision begins to blur.
Women in the 1930’s had much different lives and expectations than today. Due to the depression many people had to change their lives to support their families and that includes women. After the feminist movement of the 1920s, due to the depression, women were forced to return to their previous lives as submissive housewives although many were required to earn an income by getting a job. There were many stereotypes surrounding women that affected the way they lived. Women were believed to be the civilizing force, taking care of the children and home, and that society could not survive without them (Moran).
The female characters were weak, more concern about being attractive, not smart and they emotional during social situations. In regards, to female bias on TV, a 1977 Nancy Signorelli’s "study of Television Shows and Commercials, Movies, Music Videos, and Teen Magazine Articles and Ads,” shows that women play fewer and less significant roles in "television programs.” It further clams that females “are seen working... or cast as professionals" only in limited scenes. Instead, they are presented more as having no occupation and caring more about their relationships. The report further indicates that "women rely on their male… partner to help them solve problems and… achieve their goals;" and that "women in media” do things that describe them as "stereotypical females..., grooming or peering…" The findings by the report are convincing; especially when watching those episodes during the TV
Introduction The 1960s was a time of regression: the age at which many women married and few attended college. Post-war culture solidified that women belonged in the home, taking care of their children and husband, and many believed the same. Betty Friedan graduated Smith college with a bachelor’s degree in 1942. After birthing her second child, Friedan was fired from her current job and turned to domesticity to take care of her children instead of looking for another place to work.
Gender and Media In today’s world, the media consists of so many representations and ideas about men and women that though it can be argued that there is no straight-forward effect, it has been accepted that it does in some way affect our sense of identity. The number of hours of television that a person is exposed to in his lifetime does support the argument that a human inadvertently at times uses television as a reference point. For example, fictional romances in television or in the movie shows how one should behaves in a romantic or in a friendly relationship while magazines for women and men churn out advices on all aspects of one’s life from how to manage your finances, how to discipline your kids, how to groom oneself and what the latest fashions are.
The representation of gender in mass communications has been a hugely debated topic for years and will continue to be one for many more years to come. The media plays a big role in how they want to portray a gender to the public. They create certain stereotypes through the role of a gender in order to attract a large audience and interest to sell a product, brand or image. Media is so important in today’s society, people spend hours and hours each day watching TV, browsing the Internet and reading magazines. There are so many images of men and women in the media today that it certainly has an impact on the viewer’s thoughts and sense of identity.