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Reintegrative Shaming Theory Essay

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In the theory of reintegrative shaming, Brathwaite (1989) explained why some societies have higher crime rate than others, why certain people or certain groups of people are more likely to commit a crime, and how the community can effectively deal with the crime in order to prevent future crimes. Brathwaite theory of reintegrative shaming is heavily influence by the work of early theoretical theories including labelling, subcultural, control, opportunity, and learning theories (Braithwaite, 1989). Brathwaite (1989) supported control theory argument that individual are naturally drawn to commit criminal acts for the purpose of personal gain. Brathwaite argued that individuals who are integrated into the community and are involved in a committed relationship are less likely to commit a crime. In contrast, individuals who are not integrated into the community …show more content…

Most victims of hate crime do not report the attacks and while victims of hate crime victims and offenders comes from different backgrounds, a study in the United Kingdom found that Asian and black people were far more likely than white people to be the victims of hate attacks (Nugent, Wilkie, & Iredale, 1989). Furthermore, other individuals or individual groups in Australia who are victimised and negatively stereotyped includes refugees, sex workers, South Sudanese and Aboriginal, and Indian people just to name a few. Hate crimes or attacks can affect the victim in a number of ways. Nugent, Wilkie, & Iredale (1989) reported that victims of hate crimes are more likely to experience financial costs in repairing property damages, physical injuries resulting from attacks, and psychological distress such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anger than other victims of other

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