Theory Of Cohesion In Literature

I. Theoretical Part
1- Scope of the study
This study demonstrates the theory of cohesion in general. It tackles the use of cohesion in English written media discourse as its main focus. The writer conveys his ideas to the reader through creating a coherent text, so the reader can receive the message and make sense of the whole text. In order to produce such a coherent text the writer uses cohesion or cohesive ties (devices). The paper examines mainly the use of cohesive devices for achieving unity of the text by native American writer and another non-native Egyptian. The study shall show which of the two writers create more of less coherent texts.
2- Objectives of the study and research questions
The objectives of the study are to find appropriate

She is very clever (anaphoric)
- I want to buy a bag; the bag must be a black. (cataphoric) My examples b- Exophoric reference or (situational) is a relation between lexical item inside the text and its reference outside in the real world. For example: 'I went to Paris last year' (my example) the reference of the pronoun ' I ' is the speaker or the writer outside the text. Although reference is a cohesive tie, Halliday argued that this type of reference is not cohesive as it does not link the two elements within the same text. For example "Did the gardner water those plants?" (Halliday and Hasan, 1976, p. 18).
1.2. Substitution is replacing one element by another. It is usually used by writers to avoid repetition and redundancy. Halliday defines substitution as" a relation between linguistic items, such as words phrases…" (Halliday and Hasaan, 1976, p.89). It could be nominal using one/ones, verbal using do/did, or clausal using Not/so. For example: - My Axe is too blunt, I must get a sharper one (Halliday and Hassan,1976,89)
1.3. Ellipsis is the omission of a word or part of a sentence. It is closely related to substitution, and can be described as "substitution by zero". Like substitution, the division that is normally used is nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis.

Reiteration, as explained by Renkema, includes not only repetition but also synonymy. Reiteration can also occur through the use of a word that is systematically linked to a previous one (1984, p.57). In general, reiteration is divided into the five following types:
2.1.1. Repetition refers to words that are repeated in a text. "In Britain, mother tongue learners of English are discouraged from using repetition on the ground that it is 'bad style' and encouraged to use a device known as 'elegant repetition' where synonymy or other words are used" says Cook (Guy.C, 1989, p.16). An example of repetition: the work today was too much; we finished the whole work at 5p.m (my example)
2.1.2. Synonymy refers to words which are similar in meaning. This device is used to avoid repetition, for example 'tip' as a synonym for 'advice', 'note' and 'information'.
2.1.3. Hyponymy refers to the relationship between words; one word is superordinate for another 'general-specific'. For example: I saw many cars at the gallery, but I loved Kia, I'll buy it for sure. (My example)
2.1.4. Meronymy refers to the relation between parts and wholes of things. For example: I went to the bakery to buy some bread. (My