Water Smoking Research Paper
Background:
Water pipe (WP) tobacco smoking is gaining wide popularity among young and middle aged males and females.
Aim of the work:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate effect of 1st pipe water smoking on brachial Flow mediated dilatation% (FMD%) and Nitrate mediated dilatation% (NMD%) as markers of systemic endothelial function .
Methods:
The present study comprised of 40 young healthy volunteers with no cardiovascular risk factors (the mean age 28 ± 5 years, males) randomized to either smoking( cigarette or pipe water ) or not smoking in a crossover fashion. All the participants underwent a physical examination, laboratory analysis ,Standard echocardiography , brachial artery FMD%=[(Dmax– Dbase) / Dbase]
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Introduction :
Smoking is a major cause of cardiovascular disease mortality(1, 2). Current research, treatment, and policy efforts focus on cigarettes smoking, while in developing regions many people smoke tobacco using water pipes. Available evidence suggests that the prevalence of WP smoking ranged from 6% to 34% among Middle Eastern adolescents and 5–17% among American adolescents. WP use is increasing globally (3). Studies on the cardiovascular effects of WP smoking are limited due to methodological quality, the novelty of WP epidemic relative to cigarettes, and the highly variable WP tobacco contents.
The misconception that water pipe is less harmful than cigarette increases its spread to other segments of society, particularly among young men and women. Water pipes (also known as gouza, narghile, hubble-bubble, hookah, or shisha) are increasing in popularity, and more must be learned about them so that we can understand their effects on public health, spread and help users quit (4).
Smoking causes endothelial dysfunction through
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Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is the most often used method to investigate the systemic endothelial function( 9–11). This technique relies on brachial artery dilation produced by endothelial release of endogenous vasodilators [principally nitric-oxide (NO)] in response to increased blood flow and shear stress. Previous studies shown that chronic pipe water smoking is associated with impaired FMD% (12,13).However, exposure to pipe water smoke also shown to have more immediate effects (14).To demonstrate further the effects of pipe water smoking on the vasculature, we investigated the acute effects of active first time pipe water smoking compared to 1st cigarette smoking on the FMD% and NMD of healthy non smoker volunteers.
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