Local Communities That Support Tourism Development Essay
2.1 Introduction This chapter discusses about the literature review of the important factors that influence the support of local communities towards tourism development. This chapter consist few sections which are local communities support to the tourism development, local communities’ attitude and support to the tourism development, socio-demographic, Social Exchange Theory and followed by the conceptual framework of this research.
2.2 Local Communities Support to the Tourism Development
Local community is a group of people who have the same thing that surround by themselves and can consists with business operators, public agency staff and residents which their interest may be include the share of resources and information or either benefits
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In this study, the behavior is the support or against of the local communities to the tourism development. Attitudes can serve functions for the individual (Katz, 1960). According to Katz (1960), there are four functional areas, one of the areas is knowledge. Knowledge means attitude provide meaning for life. This allows us to predict what is likely to happen. Knowing a person’s attitude helps us predict their behavior. According to Myers (2010), attitude can define as a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone which often rooted in one’s beliefs, and exhibited in one’s feelings and intended behavior.
Local attitudes may be described as the group of beliefs, predispositions, and the behavior (or the intention of) towards specific aspects of tourism such as its impacts, planning and development, the tourists and their behavior and any other tangible or intangible manifestation of tourism activity (Monterrubio & Bello,
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2.3.2 Doxey’s Irridex Model
Doxey's 'Irridex' model or Irritation Index (1975) was one of the first models of residents' attitudes towards tourists and tourism. The model suggests that resident attitudes change over time, becoming more negative as tourism development and tourist influx increased (Akkawi, 2010). Besides, Harill (2004) also stated that Doxey’s Irridex model is the best-known models of resident attitudes. This model was actually developed by Doxey (1975) where the model includes four stages which are:
i. Euphoria- the stage where local community giving cooperation with tourism development. ii. Apathy- the stage where local community have a direct or formal contact with the tourists. iii. Annoyance- the stage where local community feel irritate due to increase of investment and infrastructure which will disturb their daily life. iv. Antagonism- the stage where local community show their irritate expression through verbally and
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