ipl-logo

Tramadol: A Synthetic Opioid Analysis

1093 Words5 Pages

Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to relief pain. It is an odorless powder, which is white, bitter, and crystalline in shape and it is readily soluble in water and ethanol. The molecular formula of tramadol is C16 H25 NO2 . HCl and figure 1 shows the chemical structure of tramadol. In the 1960s, Grünenthal GmbH developed tramadol. It has an analgesic potency that is about one tenth of that of morphine. In addition to its pain relieving properties, it has anti-depressive and anxiolytic properties (Kusari ,S., etall,2015). Tramadol 's metabolism occurs in the liver by demethylation, which is mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, glucuronidation, and sulfation. Metabolism of tramadol via CYP2D6 result in the generation of an active metabolite …show more content…

The label use of tramadol is for the management of moderate to severe pain. For example, it is used for the treatment of dental pain after an oral surgery, such as extraction of impacted molars. In addition, tramadol is used for chronic conditions, such as cancer related pain, low-back pain and bone pain. The extended release formulations of tramadol, such as Ultram ER, are indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe persistent pain. They are used in adults that have the need of around-the clock treatment of pain for prolonged period of time. The reason for the use of once-daily tramadol ER is that it results in less frequent fluctuations in plasma concentrations than the equivalent daily doses of short-acting tramadol. Moreover, tramadol is used in the management of postoperative pain. The off-label indications of tramadol include its use as an adjuvant in the treatment of arthralgia associated with osteoarthritis and treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (Clinical Pharmacology, …show more content…

There is an extended release formulation of tramadol used to treat persistent severe pain. In addition, it is hepatically metabolized and is converted to an active metabolite. Tramadol has a weak opioid property at μ-opioid receptors and monoaminergic activity. Moreover, tramadol is generally well endured, however, it has side effects such as insomnia, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, central nervous system stimulation. To add, Tramadol can stop or slow breathing when starting using this drug or changing its dose. Dependence can occur even within the normal doses of tramadol. There are numerous drug interactions with tramadol, for example, CNS depressant effect of alcohol are enhanced when used with tramadol. Furthermore, serotonin syndrome can result from the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors with tramadol as they increase the serotonergic effect of tramadol. Moreover, it is contraindicated in people who have experienced hypersensitivity to tramadol, or opioid analgesics and during monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Show More
Related

  • Duncan V. Scottsdale Medical Imaging Ltd: Case Study

    776 Words  | 4 Pages

    From: Ashlee Nong HCA 340 To: Professor Schipske 06 October 2017 Duncan v. Scottsdale Medical Imaging Ltd., Supreme Court of Arizona 70 P.3d 435, 2003 1. The complete title and citation of the case: Duncan v. Scottsdale Medical Imaging Ltd., 70 P. 3d 435 (2003). 2. Explain which court decided this case: Supreme Court of Arizona decided this case. The Court of Appeals maintained the trial judge's decisions, yet the Supreme Court concurred with Duncan that the Medical Malpractice Act arrangement which bars misbehavior claims in view of battery abuses the Arizona Constitution's assurance for the privilege to sue.

    Read More

  • Gledhill And Brennan Case Study

    409 Words  | 2 Pages

    This painkiller is an opioid and it works by imitating endorphins, the natural painkillers in the body, which block pain signals to the brain. As per the Drug Enforcement Agency in America, it is 50 times as potent as heroin.

    Read More

  • What Doesn T Xanax Be Used In Frankenstein?

    973 Words  | 4 Pages

    As in Frankenstein the creation is undergoing a series of monster like actions and with Xanax users have trouble with speech ,keeping their balance at times , difficulty concentrating , depression , and suicidal ideation all come into play . Even though this drug is prescribed it is mostly abused by taking more dosage than given or consuming the drug when you should not be . Xanax is based on the chemical properties of alprazolam which was first released by UpJohn in 1981. At the time is was first given to calm panic disorders and within the first two years of its marketing Xanax became a blockbuster drug in the US. Xanax is a negative technological advancement which results in addiction , mental health problems , as well as death, to which anyone taking this medication needs to be aware of these

    Read More

  • Opioids In The Dentate Gyrus

    2065 Words  | 9 Pages

    Since opioids are also known to affect seizure activity as well, opioids are looked in how they can be modulated in order to decrease seizure activity. Within the dentate gyrus (DG), there are two opioid peptides, enkephalins and dynorphins, which both have effects on excitability, but with contrasting effects (11). The difference between these two peptides is that enkephalins bind to delta- and mu- opioid receptors (DORs and MORs) whereas dynorphins bind to kappa-opioid receptors (KORs). However, unlike galanin receptors, opioid receptors can be activated by exogenous opiate drugs, which means that overdose can be possible because it is not reliant on an endogenous ligand. For example, the MOR agonist morphine can bind which means that a ligand can be introduced and not well regulated by the body, leading to overdose (11).

    Read More

  • Antagonistic Effects Of Methadone

    136 Words  | 1 Pages

    Methadone exists as two enantiomeric forms, R and S (Eap et al., 2002). The most commonly used form of methadone in maintenance treatment is the racemic mixture (RS- methadone) (Groman et al., 1997). It is the R-isoform that gives most of the opioid effects (Eap et al., 2002). Methadone exerts its analgesic and narcotic effects through the µ-OR subtype, and has antagonistic effect at the NMDA receptor (Trescot et al., 2008). The antagonistic effect at the NMDA receptor is believed to be advantageous in preventing induction of tolerance (Callahan et al., 2004).

    Read More

  • Argumentative Essay On Opioids

    737 Words  | 3 Pages

    In the past, opioids have been used to treat moderate to severe pain such as cancer or post surgery, and on a short term basis. Now they are prescribed to anyone who is experiencing chronic pain and on a long term basis. Opioids being taken for chronic pain allows everyone to have the ability to carry out their daily life easily and without pain. In light of opioids helping people manage their pain, the problem lies with what they are being prescribed for now, how long, and how much. Opioids are now being prescribed for back pain, migraines, and other small instances.

    Read More

  • Informative Essay On Opioids

    485 Words  | 2 Pages

    Opioids are a prescription medication involving various forms of drugs, it can benefit patients as little as a few minutes, however, it can be extremely dangerous to patients without self-control. Morphine, heroin, oxycodone, and fentanyl are used for many different medical uses until companies started to combine these four ingredients into one small simple pill. The pill reduces chronic pain from a body in a matter of minutes taking a minimum dosage. The company that produces Opioids have discovered that for the most part opioids are healthier and safer than any other medications. Like other medications, opioids can also have its side effects too such as; sedation restlessness, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, constipation and much more.

    Read More

  • Opiate Addiction

    437 Words  | 2 Pages

    Due to variability in brain recovery, many addicts may require prolonged treatment or supportive medications in order to discontinue their addictive lifestyles. Since the body becomes physically addicted to the drug, the body too must be cleaned of its effects before treatment can progress. Any detox can be extremely painful with severe physical symptoms that may be traumatic if attempted without medical treatment. Withdrawal from opiates can be very trying on the body and generally requires medical assistance to ease the patient through the process as much as possible. Disruption of endorphin production is thought to be associated with a need to increase opiate use in order to avoid the onset of painful withdrawal symptoms.

    Read More

  • Opioid Overdose Research Paper

    596 Words  | 3 Pages

    Dependence on prescription opioids can stem from treatment of chronic pain and in recent years is the cause of the increased number of opioid overdoses. Opioids are very addictive substances, having serious life threatening consequences in case of intentional or accidental overdose. The euphoria attracts recreational use, and frequent,

    Read More

  • Deteriorating Patient Reflection Paper

    608 Words  | 3 Pages

    Some patients prefer not to take pain medication because they fear addiction or may have a history of substance abuse. Educating the patients on their right to be free of pain and having their pain managed aggressively is a priority in the recovery phase. The goals that I hope to achieve during this clinical practicum

    Read More

  • Case Study: The Methadone Train

    1283 Words  | 6 Pages

    The Methadone Train Addictions to opiates, and opiate derivatives, are some of the most prevalent and long-standing drug abuse issues known. These abuses have also contributed to other social problems such as the spread of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C due to needle injection being a popular method of delivery. In the 1960s, methadone, a synthetic opiate substitute, was introduced as the preferred medical treatment for opiate abuse and addiction and remains so today. Reduction of disease distribution is only one of its heralded benefits. Methadone is commonly used in management of withdrawal symptoms related to addiction to heroin and other opiate drugs, both prescription and non-prescription.

    Read More

  • Sam Quinones Dreamland Analysis

    1557 Words  | 7 Pages

    Sam Quinones’ Dreamland is a commentary about the opioid problem in America. Quinones draws attention to how in the twentieth century opioids were seen as addictive: “[D]octers treating the terminally ill faced attitudes that seemed medieval when it came to opiates” (184). In the 1970s, Purdue Pharma stated that opioids such as morphine were not addictive substances. After this study was released, many doctors began to view opioids as a viable option for pain relief. Throughout the rest of the book, Quinones explains the shift from doctors never prescribing opiates to prescription opiates being used to treat any sort of pain: chronic back pain, arthritis, severe headaches, etc.

    Read More

  • Prescription Drug Abuse Essay

    1036 Words  | 5 Pages

    According to Michael Klein, “The most prescription drugs that are commonly misused are opioids, tranquillizers, sedatives, and hypnotics.” Unintentional overdose deaths involving opioid pain relievers have quadrupled since 1999 and have outnumbered those involving heroin and cocaine since 2002. (Klein). The reason some people abuse opioids is just to “get high”.

    Read More

  • Pharmacology Case Study

    443 Words  | 2 Pages

    Pharmacology Assignment Week 4 Marty Smith is a 67-year-old male who has called 911 after experiencing chest pain and dizziness. The paramedics arrive and notice a bottle of nitroglycerin on the table. The patient states he has angina and is to take the medication as needed for chest pain. He took one pill an hour ago and a second pill 10 minutes prior to calling 911.

    Read More

  • Essay On Chemotherapy

    1266 Words  | 6 Pages

    Some of these effects include, hormonal changes, hyperalgesia, which is an increased sensitivity towards pain, extreme sedation and drowsiness, sleep disturbances, such as insomnia, constipation, and bladder dysfunction. Furthermore, opioids are highly addictive, creating a long-term dependence on the drugs, and can eventually lose their effectiveness with long-term use (Benyamin, Trescot and Datta). In trying to help cancer-sufferers treat and manage their symptoms, more unfavorable side effects and difficulties can be

    Read More

More about Tramadol: A Synthetic Opioid Analysis

Open Document