1.1 Background of the Study
As a branch of applied linguistics, translation is an important tool of meaning transfer from one language to another for every aspect of life throughout the world. Major aspects of life such as religion, literature, science, and technology across the world have depended on translation role. In general, translation role in human civilization and advancement is without a doubt contributive.
The contribution of translation to human knowledge is facilitated by the translator’s knowledge and expertise in at least two different languages. This notion makes the relation between translation and languages are inseparable. Translation is always related to different languages and different language forms for representing meaning. Larson (1984) states that translation is basically a change of form: The forms of language, spoken and written, refer to lexicon and grammar: actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech. In translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the target language. Translation consists of the meaning transfer from the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic or deep structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be
THAT’S NOT WHAT I MEANT! Ever since the dawn of time, language has been a key asset in the evolution of culture and humanity. Culture can be explained as connection built upon language and civilization, which language is practiced by civilization to give or exchange ideas of some kind. Culture and language are both essentials for one another.
Since 1980 the year when George Lakoff and Mark Johnson published their book “Metaphors We Live By” conceptual metaphor theory has got an important ground in critical discourse analysis. Indeed, several critical discourse analysts have been particularly interested in metaphor as a powerful rhetorical strategy in political discourse (Charteris-Black, 2004, 2011, 2014, Chilton, 2004; Lakoff, 1992, 1995, 2002). In this chapter, it is assumed that Bush’s speeches are metaphor based. As a result, the aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how metaphors can be used subconsciously and deliberately at once, sometimes to hide certain sensitive issues, and others, to construct some cognitive connotations in the listener’s mind in an attempt to shape
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is a process-oriented stage model that examines a person’s readiness for behaviour change, which was developed through observing behaviours in smoke cessation and analysing various major therapy systems (Prochaska & Di Clemente, 1982). This model consists of four main components, namely: stages of change, process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy (Prochaska & Di Clemente, 1982). Within the stages of change component, Prochaska and Di Clemente (1982) distinguished five stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. Ideally, individuals are able to match their current behaviours to one of these stages, then work through them using strategies embedded in the process
Some children can potentially have speech, language and communication needs due to another condition, such as ADHD hearing difficulties and autism. This is why interventions are extremely important so that this is noticed early on. If not picked up on, this poses risk of them falling behind currently and not being able to access the full curriculum. They may get frustrated because they don’t have the word’s or skills to communicate how they are feeling. Friendships with their peers will be hard to make/maintain as they will be perceived as being naughty and this will have a knock-on effect on their social situations.
The ever-evolving world contribute learners, educators, school administrators, scholars and everyone involved in education; to face a series of challenges during the 21st century. Certain factors such as immigration, the pursuit of job and education abroad, technology, and globalization have provoke bilingualism and biliteracy to become two of the most important challenges for the new millennium. Nowadays, there are more people on the world becoming bilingual than monolingual. Hence, bilingualism is worth studying than monolingualism. Besides, it enhances the understanding of human language faculty (Myers-Scotton, 2006).
A translator may subject him-/herself either to the original text, with the norms it has realized, or to the norms active in the target culture, or in that section of it which would host the end product. Translation is a complicated task, during which the meaning of the source-language text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other words, translation can be defined as encoding the meaning and form in the target language by means of the decoded meaning and form of the source language. Different theorists state various definitions for translation.
Semantics features - meaning of a word Reference/referent - the concept that a word refers to (also meaning) Lexical relation - the relationship of the term with other words We use words to communicate ideas and concepts; without them, communication would be severely limited. The meaning of words, however, do not remain stagnant. The usage of words and their meanings constantly change alongside the development of society and culture.
Perception is vital to interpersonal communication, however, biases and distortions can often impact the accuracy of the interpreted message. Fritz Heider (as cited in Crisp, 2015) claims that “human behaviour is driven by the need to predict and control” (p.11), social information and interactions. This need for prediction and control manifests itself in perceptual distortions, inevitably leading to miscommunication and issues in a relationship, as it did in the issues I experienced between myself and my best friend. Discrepancies between primacy and recency, self-serving bias and selectivity played a significant role in the breakdown of my friendship, however a knowledge of the way these social conditions work may have allowed us to avoid
Write about posttranslational processing (at least 4) -2 points. • Post-translational processing or post-translational modifications (PTMs is the process through which proteins are modified. These modifications are what make the human proteome more complex than the human genome because of all the different proteins that can be expressed by a gene. PTMs occur during any time in a protein’s life cycle. They help in adjusting cellular activities: protein folding, catalytic activity, localization, and interactions between cellular components.
Pöchhaker, Franz (2004) Introducing Interpreting Studies, London: Routledge. Pochhaker’s book Introducing Interpreting Studies will give me a broad overview of Interpreting Studies. This is a good place to begin my research, providing an outline and a structure for my analysis. Indeed, the book is divided into 3 sections “foundations” which is an overview of the discipline, “selected topics and research” that gives an analytical presentation of important studies in the field and ”directions” which provides advice for beginner reserachers.
The film Lost in Translation follows two Americans visiting Tokyo during important transitional periods in their lives. Charlotte is a recent college graduate trying to figure out her career while also moving on from the honeymoon phase of her new marriage. Bob Harris is an actor essentially going through a mid-life crisis as he sorts through life post-movie stardom and struggles to maintain a relationship with his overbearing wife. The two find each other in a hotel bar as a result of their inability to sleep and form a connection based on their mutual isolation in both their relationships and the city of Tokyo. The film touches on the importance of communication as well as what it is like to be a foreigner alone in a vastly different culture.
As a result of increasing modernization and globalization, it is not uncommon for us to meet, study or work with people from different cultural background. To communicate successfully, understanding about and sympathizing for others’ differences is the key. Otherwise, misunderstanding and miscommunication would be inevitable, which can have adverse impacts in many situations such as studying and business setting. That is to say, intercultural communication competence is a must for anyone wishing to succeed in this highly globalized world. Thanks to its supreme importance, intercultural communication has been featured in multiple publicities, including video, songs or movies.
1. A language is a group of symbols with rules which carry messages between people. Language is rule-governed: Phonological rules: It's how words when people enunciate them out loud. There are words which can be same in two languages, however, can sound very different by two natives.
When thinking about the communication process, we usually tend to think about a simple process in which one person speaks and another listens. However, literature on the issue has shown that this sort of thought is completely wrong and that human communication processes are in fact quite complex and ever-changing phenomena. But, why are these processes as complex? How does communication really work? Answering to these questions is the main aim of this topic.
CHAPTER I Background and Purpose 1.1. Introduction For a long time, translation has been a controversial issue on whether it can be an instructional tool in language learning classrooms or not. From the beginning of the twentieth century, there has been several arguments against using translation as a language teaching tool. Translation as a language learning activity was considered as being unsuitable within the context of foreign language learning (Brown, 2002).