Motivational Theories

Only if someone is not distracted, because it involves a conscious effort to change these thoughts. Gilbert’s theory argues often people do not get to situational attributions if they are not able to cognitively because of distractions or they do not have the information to infer a situation affected the behavior. However, many people, as Wallace states, may not get to this step in the model because they simply do not care to see outside themselves at that moment. It can be extremely difficult for people to see past their own situation in the first place, especially in irritating situations like heavy traffic or a busy grocery store. It’s much harder to realize that there are external circumstances in everyone’s lives, especially when they are not seen

Therefore, my questions are; “How does the information broadcast affects our self-esteem?” “How does it affect our cognition?” and “How does it affect social movement?” The media and self-esteem Self-esteem is defined as one personal self-assessment, it is the valve and worth in which a person has for his or her self.

For example, animal experimentations conceptualized stress as a physiological drive that is triggered by negative environmental stimuli. As such, coping behaviors were seen as acts of controlling how we respond to these negative stimuli. On the other hand, psychoanalytic ego psychology presented a trait and style approach to coping. In this perspective, the traits and characteristics that individuals possess will determine how they react to particular types of stimuli. However, there are limitations to this approach.

Positive emotion gives the organism the freedom to analyse and employ in new opportunities (Chiew and Braver, 2011:7). Similarities and differences of motivation and emotion As stated by Explore.com motivation/emotion (2008-2015) numerous psychologists believe that the connection between motivation and emotion caused from three reasons.  The incite of emotion and motives of motivation both triggered by behaviour.

Rogers’ psychotherapy was based on the assumption that people naturally strive for fulfillment and growth, and personality is dependent upon the changing perceptions of one’s personal identity (Coon & Mitterer, 2013). Unlike Maslow, Rogers had a specific, measurable way of defining self-actualizing tendencies. He believed that all of us have two ways of seeing and evaluating ourselves and who we would like to be. The first he called the real self, and the second the ideal self (Feist and Rosenberg (n.d.). Carl Rogers defined psychological adjustments between the real and ideal self.

When a soft determinist says that someone has freewill, they mean that someone’s actions are a result of their internal causes. Hard determinists argue with this statement by claiming that internal causes are caused by external causes. Although that is true and soft determinists would agree with that and with psychological determinism, however all internal causes are shaped by nature, environment, upbringing and society, ultimately we make the choices that follow our personal desires. David Hume explained it as “power of acting according to the determinations of the will: that is, if we choose to remain at rest we may; if we choose to move we also may.” This leads to the philosophical definition of freewill.

Which he believed that as long as the person overcame the problems then the person would get through level. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are psychologies more Humanist theorists. Humanist emphasize on the need of free will and the act of individual life situations. They believe that causes the development of personality. They believe that self-actualization is the major need for personal development and that is the reason that motivates behavior.

Ethnocentrism is a silent problem which many people are not aware of. Some scholars have defined ethnocentrism as “the making of judgements” based on criteria of one’s cultural groups. It is characterized by applying those criteria in judging other behaviors and belief of people who may be from the different cultural backgrounds. Bennett, a founding director and CEO of the Intercultural Development Research Institute (IDR Institute), has defined ethnocentrism as “assuming that the worldview of one’s own culture is central to all reality”. He also suggested that people who has ethnocentric mindset tend to use their own worldview to interpret other’s behavior and that the idea of a “universal truth” is usually based on one’s own value.

This seems to reflect a deterministic view, which in addition could be seen as limitative because the possible influence of other factors is not sufficiently taken into account. It could be argued, for instance, that the appearance of consistent behaviour may be caused, at least partially, by the similarity of situations in which people are usually involved and in response to which they develop standard reactions based on cognitive factors, social and cultural influences, etc. Indeed, apart from built-in personality traits, other factors, such as the environment and the interaction personality-situation, are nowadays acknowledged as having an impact on behaviour and require that personality is examined on multiple levels (e.g. Funder,

(McLeod, 2007) The characteristics of self-actualizers and the behaviors leading to self-actualization are shown in the list above. Although people achieve self-actualization in their own unique way, they tend to share certain characteristics. However, self-actualization is a matter of degree, 'There are no perfect human beings ' (Maslow, 1970a, p. 176).

Aside from this, one other factor that influences the existence of moral exclusion is a person’s natural tendency to differentiate and categorise individuals who possess varying traits from their own (Tajfel & Wilkes, 1963), a tendency which can then lead to neutral characteristics becoming labels that lead to discrimination of different groups. While moral exclusion might only lead to outcomes such as indifference for groups or individuals aside from one’s own, it can occur in degrees that extend up to what could be considered evil (Opotow,

What is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)? ABA is a science which seeks to understand and improve the behavior of humans (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007; Newman, 2012). ABA utilizes scientific procedures which are empirically validated in order to assist the individual to develop socially valued skills (Sigafoos, 2008). It views the environmental variables which have an influence on the individual’s behavior while also looking at the functional relationship of the behavior in the environment and the targeted behavior. Individuals learn behavior and it serves a function for the individual; via it is negative reinforcement (escape from demands or tasks), automatic reinforcement (sensory), or positive reinforcement (attention or tangibles).