Trimyristin Synthesis Lab Report

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was obtained. FTIR spectroscopy represents transmittance of light, reflection, absorption, and emission indicated in gases, liquids, and solids. At specific wavelengths, infrared (IR) light—an interaction between light and matter— can distinguish types of energized bonds that absorb IR light. However, the bond and electromagnetic radiation frequency must match. Based on this lab, FTIR spectroscopy affirmed functional groups present in Unknown 30A because it revealed specific transmittance bands for those functional

The aim of this experiment was to synthesis acetaminophen from 4-aminophenol and acetic anhydride. The crude synthesised acetaminophen was then compared to USP grade acetaminophen by some tests. Both of these acetaminophen undergoes infrared spectroscopy, melting point, ultraviolet spectrum, thin layer chromatography and residual free 4-aminophenol testes. Physical properties of ten tablets of 500mg panadol were measured by using vernier callipers and analytical balance.

For this experiment the melting point was determined to be within a narrow range of temperatures, instead of a single exact number. The melting point, as described in the lab manual, of the product is 260 oC (Weldegirma). The observed melting point of the product following the reaction was noted to be between 260 and 266 oC, which leads to the conclusion that the product was successfully obtained the product for this experiment. The percent yield also helps describe the slight variation in melting point temperature of the product to the literature value, since the percent yield was only

Industries that utilize ester compounds are the perfume industry and the flavoring industry for the smells that we smell while we wear perfume and eat things, respectively. Also glass industries use polyesters (like polymethyl acrylate, etcetera) to make glass.

The purpose of this lab was to perform a Wittig reaction in order to test whether the counter ion in a base used in the reaction directly results in the formation of an E or Z product. Three bases -- LiOH, KOH, and NaOH -- will be reacted with acetonyl triphenylphosphonium chloride (a phosphonium salt). The product of that reaction will be reacted with p-annisaldehyde, and an NMR of each product will be taken and used to determine which isomer of each product is formed.

There are several different reactions that can be used to synthesize an alkene product, however the main reaction being utilized for this experiment is the Wittig reaction and the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons modification. The Wittig reaction involves a reaction between an aldehyde or ketone and ylid, which is also referred to as the Wittig reagent. The Wittig reagent is synthesized from a phosphonium salt and a strong base (Wittig Reaction, 2006). The reaction between the Wittig reagent and the ketone or aldehyde is a nucleophilic substitution; the carbon double bonded to the oxygen in the carbonyl is replaced with a carbon double bonded to another carbon (University of Liverpool, 2008).

The ester synthesis of isoamyl acetate for this lab was carried out through nucleophilic acyl substitution. The purpose of this lab was to demonstrate the procedure for the synthesis of an ester from a carboxylic acid and alcohol using the techniques of refluxing. An ester is a very important functional group because it is widely distributed in nature. Additionally, esters can be synthesized with different methods such as direct reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, this is called Fischer Esterification. Furthermore, the by-product of the reaction is water, which is produced as a result of a condensation reaction. Most importantly, this reaction is reversible, therefore, an excess of acetic acid is added to shift the equilibrium to favor the ester product. Also, to acid is removed from the product mixture for the ester to separate from the water by neutralizing the acid with a base. Overall, banana oil will be synthesized from acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol.

The difference in this chemical and physical properties will aid in their separation. Processes like solubility, gravitational filtration and recrystallization will be used to separate the substances present in Panacetin. The melting and boiling point of the substances will help in concluding on which of these compounds will be presented at the end of experiment.

Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to attempt a full synthesis of Methyl Trityl Ether from Triphenylmethanol and Methanol using Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst.

During the gradual addition of acetic anhydride, the previous solution of aniline later acquired an oil-like layer floating on the surface. Once the mixture was swirled, the solution became cloudy and milky-yellow in colour. The charcoal that was added to the warm solution began clear up the solution. The oil-like droplets began to mix with the solution.

The total flavonoid content of methanol extract of leaves of A.malabarica was determined by the AlCl3 reagent method [4]. The extract (500 µg/mL) was mixed with 0.5 mL of 5% NaNO2 solution and allowed to stand for 5 mins. Then 0.3 mL of 10% AlCl3 solution was added and the mixture was allowed to stand for further 5 min. Finally, 1 mL of 1 M NaOH solution was added, and the final volume of the mixture was brought to 5 mL with distilled water. The mixture was incubated for 15 mins at room temperature and absorbance was measured at 510 nm. The total flavonoid content was expressed as quercetin equivalent (µg/mg of extract), which is a common reference standard.

Pectin is used for many food products on the market today such jams, jellies and fruit juices. It is also used for functional purposes as well it is used as an emulsifier, stabiliser and thickening agent in food. In the traditional extraction process of pectin is using hot water between the temperatures of 60–100°C that has also been acidified with a mineral acid such as sulphuric, phosphoric, nitric, and hydrochloric or citric acid within the pH 1.5–3 for a half an hour to six hours. This process is very time consuming and with a product that is degrading fast which then leads to the pectin degrading. Which means the traditional way of heating extraction has both quantitative and qualitative disadvantages for pectin extraction. However using both heating and ultrasound together had a much more significant effect on the improvement of extractability, dissolution rate and degradation rate of pectin, and there existed a synergistic effect between ultrasound and heating on the extraction of pectin. Illustrated below in fig.1 shows two graphs showing the yields of pectin that was extracted with the higher power of the ultrasound and heating. In this experiment the ultrasound was set to 20

These can be divided into several anatomical origins: peel, seeds, and arils. Another important product obtained from pomegranate fruit is the juice that can be obtained from arils or from whole fruit.The chemical composition of the fruits differs depending on the cultivar, growing region, climate, maturity, cultivation practice, and storage conditions (Poyrazoglu et al, 2002, Barzegar et al, 2004, Fadavi et al, 2005). About 50% of the total fruit weight corresponds to the peel, which is an important source of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, ellagi tannins (ETs), and proanthocyanidin compounds (Li and others 2006), minerals, mainly potassium, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium (Mirdehghan and Rahemi 2007), and complex polysaccharides (Jahfar and others

Melatonin also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine is an indolic hormone produced by the Pineal Gland in animals [1]. Production of melatonin is regulated by photoperiod as its synthesis and secretion are repressed by light but induced at night in response to darkness [2].In humans it has been seen that a rise in synthesis of melatonin happens during night and vice versa during day, a circadian pattern. Moreover the mammalian “master circadian clock” located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus provides environmental and biological timing information to the rest of the body so that physiology and behavior are coordinated for optimal functioning relative to the time of day [3]. On the basis of photic and

Preparation of hot water extracts: 20 g from each bark powder was surface sterilized and mixed with 100 ml sterilized water and placed in water path for 90 minutes at 100ºC, and then filtered through 3 layers of sterilized cheese cloth. The products were kept in a refrigerator at 4 ºC until needed for testing their bacterial