TYPHOID (ENTERIC FEVER)
DESCRIPTION
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is an acute symptomatic bacterial infection caused due to Salmonella typhi. It is a type of enteric fever which is a severe and occasionally life-threatening febrile illness, contracted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Sometimes it can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi serovar A, B or C, a related bacterium which is majorly associated with less severe illness known as paratyphoid fever.
Reservoir of infection and incubation period
Human gallbladder mainly serves as a reservoir for typhoid causing pathogens. The incubation period is usually 8-14 days, but this depends on the infective dose and can vary from three days to one month.
CAUSES AND
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• It may occasionally be contracted through direct contact with infected person.
• It is majorly a water-borne disease and transmission of infection is mainly due to eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected person.
Carrier state
In some individuals, the bacteria may be present in their system but no symptoms are observed. Such people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others and are said to be in a carrier state.
SYMPTOM
Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure. Typhoid fever is a septicaemic illness characterised initially by
• Fever (starting as low grade fever and reaching as high as 104.9F in few days)
• Bradycardia
• Splenomegaly
• Hepatomegaly
• Abdominal symptoms like swelling, pain, tenderness etc.
• Headache
•
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Frequent change of therapy should, therefore, be avoided.
• The treatment should be completed till the patient has been afebrile for at least 7 days as incomplete treatment increases the risk of relapse and emergence of resistance.
• If the patient is a food-handler or works in a profession that poses a high risk of transferring infection to others, such as health care workers, or child care workers, they should be advised to cease work until completely cured and advised by the doctors. Generally three negative stool test is considered as safe precaution for these workers.
• The community should be educated about personal hygiene, especially thorough hand washing after toilet use and before food preparation.
• Education should be given to the patient regarding the importance of completing the course of antibiotics, the possibility of relapse, persisting excretion, the need for good personal hygiene and precautions in food preparation.
• Contacts should be educated about the disease so as to reduce the risk of transmission and to allow for early identification if they develop symptoms.
Related Diseases
Parathyroid
Goals & Interventions: 1. Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired gas exchange r/t exacerbation of COPD a.e.b. wheezing in patient’s throughout. Goals/outcomes: Patient will maintain adequate ventilation and have clear breath sounds within 24 hours upon auscultation. Goal met within 24 hours of initial respiratory assessment and maintained over a 24 hour period 10/26/2015.
My interpretation of the main theme for each poem, short story, and piece of nonfiction in both sections is, “You will always encounter obstacles throughout life, but with the support from others you can overcome them”. Each piece of literature chosen from unit two supports my theme because characters from the writings had obstacles to face but not all accepted help from others. The authors of these pieces of works showed the outcomes of their characters and whether they made the right or wrong decision in the choices they made. In the nonfiction internet article “Mary Mallon’s Trail of Typhoid” written by Catherine Carey it explains that under certain circumstances, people are blind or may try to avoid the reality of the truth.
It is also possible to have c. diff dormant in the intestines, but with no symptoms or actual sickness. Furthermore, the bacterium can still be spread to others, leading to the development of symptoms usually within 5-10 days (Mayo Clinic, 2016). Its symptoms include but are not limited to, watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain and abdominal cramping. Using Nightingale’s theory, the prevalence of c. diff in the hospital can be improved by more rigorous personal cleanliness practices, ensuring proper knowledge on the bacterium and proper practices of room etiquette. C. diff commonly occurs in the healthcare environment through unsafe cleanliness practices.
Soper managed to connect twenty-two cases to the households where Mary served, which convinced him that Mallon was the cook who endangered the public’s health. Soper visited Mallon’s house twice in order to explain to Mary that she was a healthy carrier of typhoid fever as well as to collect samples for
This is the story of a woman named Mary Mallot. She was the immigrant from Ireland and lived in New York at the end of the 19th century. She is better known for her other name - Typhoid Mary. Mary was a healthy carrier of the typhoid disease. During the time when she worked as a cook, she infected 47 people, 3 of them died.
Task 2 C228 V2 Breanna Bras Western Governors University An example of a communicable disease outbreak that crossed international borders is the H1N1 influenza virus, also known as “swine flu”. The H1N1 flu outbreak was originally discovered in April 2009. The first known occurrence originated in Mexico and then was detected in the United States soon after. By May 2009, the H1N1 flu virus was confirmed to have spread to a total of 39 countries including: Spain, United Kingdom, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, Italy, China, France, Korea, New Zealand, Japan, Ireland, Germany, Argentina, El Salvador, Belgium, Denmark, Australia, Peru, Norway, India, Austria, Thailand Cuba, Sweden, Portugal, Ecuador, Finland, Guatemala, Israel, Malaysia, Netherlands, Turkey and Poland ("Latest news on swine flu", 2009).
The primary prevention is the best way to eliminate the potential for exposure. Since hand washing is the most effective mean of spread of infection, it would be my primary goal to increase the compliance of hand hygiene among healthcare workers, but also an extensive education of patients and family members on hand washing before and after touching the patient as well as afar any contact with any potentially contaminated materials (surface, body fluids or respiratory secretions). Mandatory education of patients, visitors and healthcare workers, across the system as well as cross department compliance practices are single best mean of preventing the spread of infection. For example, every patient and family member can be educated about hand hygiene, use of PPE-personal protective equipment (face mask, gowns and gloves). Although, the practices are already being utilized, I believe the compliance is poorly monitored.
For example, some fevers went up to 106 degrees. The fever was caused usually by bad sanitation. As you probably know, the sanitation was not that great
When an individual has this disease, symptoms such as pyrexia, migraine, queasiness, upchucking, chills, and having pain on one’s back would appear. Yellow fever has no cure and treatment incorporates merely of endeavors in order for the convalescent to be consoled and at ease. Patients would recuperate up to three to four days but, about fifteen percent would enter another stage of this sickness after a respite. This stage consists of a reappearance of high fever, abdominal pain, the skin will turn yellow and there is a possibility that the eyes can become yellow as well, bleeding from the eyes, nose, mouth, stomach, heaving, and degrading kidney function. Yellow fever is known to exterminate thirty thousand people yearly.
Fever, rash and neurological disorders do not happen. Most patients recover on their own after 8-24 hours. In severe cases, there are possible hypovolemia and hypotension. Staphylococcal food toxicosis are produced by the enterotoxins of Staphylococcus Aureus formed in the contamination of food and trapped with it in the stomach. As the body receives a ready enterotoxin, the incubation period is short.
Escherichia Coli 0157: H7 This paper will specialize on a specific type of bacterial foodborne illness caused by the bacteria Escherichia Coli. E. coli was discovered by Theodore von Escherich in 1885. E.coli is a natural found bacteria that lies throughout the intestinal tract of warm blooded animals and comes in many forms only one of which is deadly. This form is E. coli 0157:H7 which can be caused by direct exposure to fecal matter to kill this rouge
Hand washing or isolation of the sick persons with infections in the prevention of hospital acquired infections. 5. Does the use of hand washing, and antisepsis lower the rate of hospital acquired infections? The fifth PICOT question is selected because of the reported low compliance percentage among medical caregivers.
INTRODUCTION: Quick look at your hands do you see them. (attention) Do I see what you might be asking? Well the millions of bacteria that are currently hanging out on your hands.
The main reasons for developing a HCAI are poor hand hygiene by healthcare staff, medical device related infections such as intravenous lines and urinary catheters and the overuse or improper use antimicrobials. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone measure to prevent healthcare associated infection (HCAI) and it has been shown that MRSA is primarily transmitted from patient to patient via the hands of healthcare professionals (Donskey, 2009). Although hand hygiene is the simplest, most effective and most cost effective way to prevent the spread of HCAIs (Pratt et al. 2007) (Kilpatrick et al. 2013), adherence to hand hygiene among health care professionals remains low worldwide (WHO, 2009).