The building of nation state is relatively recent phenomenon. The widespread adoption of the political institution can be traced back to the first half of the 19th century. From economic perspective, ideally, the world could be organized as a single free market area, a world market of free trading individuals. Nation states were viewed as the second best, given the hetero-genetic of individuals with different races, cultures and ideologies. According to liberal philosophy, a nation state had to be of sufficient size to form a viable unit of development but not more. (Spolaore, and Wacziar, 2000)
Giuseppe Mazzini, one of the architects of the Italian unification, thought that the optimal number of notational states in Europe was 12, given the economic considerations and the ethnic composition of Europe (Hobsbawn (1990). The unification of Italy (1861) and Germany (1871) can be viewed in this context as well: among other considerations, this was an attempt at building two economies of reasonable size, eliminating small polities protected by heavy trade barriers. This, to large extent, facilitated by the relative cultural, linguistic and ethnic homogeneity of the groups that come together. In fact, economic arguments were critical in the case of
Germany 's unification: As John Keynes put it, paraphrasing Bismarck, Germany was unified by "coal and iron". The German Nation started in 1834 as a customs union which ensure low barriers to trade among its members. European architects
At the end of World War II, Western European powers sought political stability after a period of turmoil and devastation. Germany was divided into two spheres of influence: East Germany, controlled by the Soviet Union, and West Germany, controlled by the Allies. Western Europe attempted to unify in the post-war economy, and various views arose regarding this potential unity. The unification of Western Europe was met with opinions that were largely motivated by a nation’s own economic and political interests.
Holding a governmental entity to the citizens and responding to the needs of the citizens of a state is crucial to benefit the state. However, the federalism allows unity because the national government does have the power to make binding decisions in the national interest that supports the needs of all citizens. The national government does not make all the decisions. The federal system allows state local governments to each make their own decisions that can represents the interest, the wishes and the desires of the citizens. The federalism allows diversity because governments can respond to local preferences and it also allows diversity because it allows states to conduct social experiments, the kind of policy invasions, new programs, new policies, and new procedures that are not adopted at the national level but can be tempted, tried and experimented with, the two keys are important for the nation.
When considering Italy after its formation as nation-state in the late 19th century, it has never been required to change by other countries. However, throughout the entire history Italian territory has faced many invasion and battles which have influenced it. But unfortunately, this country has also been involved in cruel events for the purpose of conquering new lands. Some of the most recent terrible actions done by this country were the conquest of African colonies during the Fascism. Indeed, the purpose of these mission in Africa were to destroy other countries such as Libya and Eritrea in order to provide benefits to Italians.
Political parties, Democratic Republicans and Federalists, started in the U.S. because of differing views of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, and the influence of newspapers. Jefferson’s and Hamilton’s different ways of thinking(mostly on issues that was beneficial for the country) played a huge part in the start of political parties. They fought about economy. Jefferson liked farming while Hamilton preferred manufacturing and trade. Interpretation of the Constitution was another thing they fought upon.
One brought together illustrative government; a various country could flourish, ruled by the larger part, yet with a decent measure of thought for
Germany. Before the second half of the 19th century, Italy was a collection of city-states that were only loosely allied with one another. In 1848 major rebellions broke out within the German confederation, inspired by liberals who envisioned a German nation ruled by parliamentary government. The Prussian military leader was Otto von Bismarck declared the beginning of the German Empire.
( Doc 5 ) Otto von Bismarck’s speech about how he would do anything to unify Germany shown the influence that nationalism brings. Otto said he considered absolutism and constitutionalism the best forms of government instead of dictatorship. He was an opponent of nationalism and he realized that
There are five major causes to World War I, militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the spark that ignited the war; the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. The European powers did not make any active effort for more internationalist/cooperative policy that would have been the antithesis for the growing causes of World War I. It would only be after World War II and to some extent the European Union that would encourage Europeans to work together instead of turning the continent into a wasteland every few decades. Firstly, I would argue nationalism is the starting point for World War I. During the Industrial revolution, nationalism became an important driving force in European countries to industrialize and make technological progress.
The 19th century was a period of widespread social, economical and political problems in the United States, from the 1890s to the 1920s in need of reform. Both parties were created by the people’s dissatisfaction with the government and its ability to appeal to the majority. The Populist movement was founded my farmers, laborers and middle class civilians that wanted government regulation in the economy, more authority in the government, educating immigrants, to prevent government corruption and high positions to be based on experience.
The Italian peninsula was politically fragmented and divided, with no strong central government. This division made it difficult for Italy to compete on the international stage, and left it vulnerable to foreign interference and aggression. Italian unification became a pressing issue in the mid-19th century, as the country faced internal turmoil and external threats (Pearson, 22.3). The Italian unification movement was driven by a coalition of liberal and socialist political groups, who sought to create a unified Italian state based on democratic principles.
During the eighteenth century, intellectual changes began to dismantle traditional values and institutions in Europe. Liberal ideas arose from the French Revolution which became the root to the nationalist feeling among the Italians. In 1861, the Italian states, a previously small confederation of semi-autonomous states located on the Apenning Peninsula, were unified as the Kingdom of Italy. This process occured due to a series of events and the actions of various figures, but three men in particular made unification possible: Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi. Mazzini initiated the idea of an independent and unified Italian nation through his movement of Young Italy.
The 19th century was a time of unification and centralization for the countries of Italy and Germany. Unification was a very controversial subject in Italy at the time because people’s opinions varied with residency, social class, religious affiliation, gender, occupation, and ideological outlook. Residency, occupation, and political power affected the point of views of the authors the most in the documents. Besides the debate of whether or not Italy should be unified, questions regarding how Italy would become centralized or why Italy should not be unified were a major factor when determining the future of Italy. For example, if Italy were to be unified, would the political system be a republic or monarchy.
European nationalism rose during the 1800s as a result of great political turmoil and upheaval due to the American and French Revolutions Italy was a great deal in nationalism in the 1800’s. Camillo Benso, or otherwise known as Count of
Following the Franco-Prussian War, King Wilhelm I of Prussia proclaimed the German Empire, officially unifying the German states into one under Prussian political structure that also juxtaposed Conservative Nationalism and
(Peter Hintereder and Martin Orth – 2013). Regarding to studies, Germany is Europe’s largest economy, accounting for roughly a quarter of European GDP. It is the world’s fourth largest manufacturing producer and the fourth largest producer of automobiles. It is the world’s third largest commercial services exporter; the third most important source of foreign directs investment (FDI); is third in global patents, and boasts the third most developed financial sector. As well, Globalization helped Germany in terms of investment.