Unit 7: The Correspondence Theory

In Star Trek’s episode, “Balance of Terror”, there are differing ideals and points of view in action for two opposing sides in an epic cat-and-mouse chase in space. The members of the USS Enterprise, who are from Earth, become aware and learn of an enemy alien ship that is destroying their outposts. The reactions of the members of the USS Enterprise exemplify a combination of theories including the ideas of both realism and liberalism. The opposing enemy that the members of the USS Enterprise came into contact with engaged in ideals and actions that most predominantly reflect those of realism. In addition, in order to understand the connections of the theories mentioned previously to the actions taken by the characters in the film, one must be aware of and fully understand the

Theoretical orientation is the concept of providing practitioners with theory based framework .The purpose of the theory is to help guide the social work professional in a setting while intervening with individuals, families and treatment. Theoretical Orientation also help the social worker to work with the clients to set their goals and ackwlodge certain techniques you may use while using a specific theory. In this reflection paper I will deliberate on developing a Theoretical orientation, Exploring your theoretical orientation, Integrating your theoretical at your field placement, and Task group techniques.

“[T]heory is the framework for observations and facts. Theories may change, or the way that they are interpreted may change, but the facts themselves don't change.” Once the facts and truths of the idea have been set, they cannot change. Eventually with enough facts (truths) this hypothesis can be claimed as a fact itself. It is deemed truth.

The Chinese government has over the past few decades uncovered evidence of a horrible crime committed in the former Japanese state of Manchuko, in northeast China. Thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands of innocent men, women, and children murdered 75 years ago leave their remains in the ground and in the memories of a precious few who bore witness in a time of foreign occupation. Japan does not officially recognize any military operations in China to which this massive crime can be attributed. The United States, whose own military occupied Japan and investigated its wartime actions following World War II, seems not to care about the alleged crimes of its former enemies. Bt According to the United States and Japan, exactly zero people died in the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification department of the Kwantung Army, otherwise known as the infamous Unit 731 complex. During the decade before World War II officially ended, Unit 731 operated as a human research facility under the cruel gaze of General Shiro

All three scholars use the argument of analogy which is described as arguments based on the similarity

When you evaluate an expression you find its value. In an algebraic expression, you substitute the variables for numbers then simplify.

Representation plays a pivotal role in comprehending and interpreting the complex world around us. According to Stuart Hall, “representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture (Hall The Work of Representation 1997). How adequately one represents one’s own self or the world around them is a matter of prime concern for everyone ranging from critics to common man. However, no representation is neutral and it involves issues of power and control. Much postcolonial scholarships revolve around this issues of power and politics of representation with the deployment of what Foucault has popularly termed as “discourse”. Employing the Foucaultian discursive approach, Edward Said’s

Realism is one of the oldest philosophies of western culture dating back to ancient Greece. It is a counterproposition of ‘Idealism.’ For someone who believes in realism, precision becomes important; and precision comes from science.

George Berkeley was a famous British Empiricist and in 1713, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, is a famous theory that propose the idealism and immaterialism (Daniel E. Flage). In the dialogues Hylas argues that matters are real and Philonous counter argue that there are no matters, saying that there are no “material substance” (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Therefore, Philonous is arguing for Berkeley position and Hylas are people who believe in materialism and against idealism. Berkeley sums up his argument for idealism and immaterialism by using God’s existence as the cause of our sensory ideas. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy states that 1) Ideas are manifestly passive, 2) But because of the mind-dependent status of idea, they cannot have any characteristics which they are not perceived to have. Therefore, 3) ideas are passive, that is, they possess no causal power (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). However, the argument of a higher being or spirit are the reason material substances exist is just absurd.

The correspondence theory is the one that most people would more likely rely on or agree about, but it contains plenty of problems or non-answered questions. According to Pecorino (2000) “The theory is based on the belief that a proposition is true when it conforms to some fact or state of affairs. While this theory properly emphasizes the notion that propositions are true when they correspond to reality, its proponents often have difficulty explaining what facts are and how propositions are related to them.”

Theoretical virtues are said to be traits that are representative of virtues pertaining to theories, beliefs, and hypotheses. Since time immemorial, philosophers of science have undertaken multiple methodologies that use these theoretical virtues as a collective to establish an objective standard, which is further used to compare theories in order to sought out which theory is the most competent. However, even though this methodology has been practiced repeatedly over the years, a certain issue that always arises is that there has to be a distinction made between two types of theoretical values: cognitive and pragmatic. A virtue is said to be cognitive when it is indicative of the truth or is the truth. This is different from when a theory

Eye witness identification involves selecting an accused perpetrator from a police line up, sketch or being at the crime scene during the murder time. After selecting a suspect, witnesses are asked to make a formal statement confirming the ID of the suspect (s) or other surrounding details which the eyewitness can testify in court. Eyewitnesses are always required to testify in court but eyewitnesses with psychological disorders, substance dependancy are at a higher chance of identifying the wrong suspect therefore wrongfully assisting convict the perpetrator in the wrong  (Hal Arkowitz,  Scott O. Lilienfeld,  January 1, 2010).

Existential therapy was introduced as an area of philosophy which talks about meaning of human existence. It looks at issues like love, death and what is the meaning of life and how one deals with the sense of values in their own life.

Research found that clinical experience was considered by 98% of Swedish psychotherapists as a very important for their professional development (Heffner and Sandall, 2009). I thought this post was a good example of how to help in the development of theoretical orientation. I thought to myself, I could never live in Alaska. It really seems like an isolated place but it seemed to have helped in your development as a counselor. The story stated that you were able to be kept abreast on lot of theoretical approaches and it seemed that it would be helpful in determining what would work for different clients. It seemed you were able to think about what the client wanted from you as well as how empathetic you were. I see that you had challenges because of the anxiety that you experienced and the distance of you supervisor. I also imagined how hard it could be to counsel those who seemed to live such a different life style than you were accustomed to. The thing that resonated the most is knowing that you can be flexible with the techniques that you use. It is what I want to do and I have to ensure that I am comfortable doing so. I would like to know what you did for fun because I understand the importance wellness. I

Throughout history, philosophers have questioned about human nature. Are humans originally good? Are we evil by nature? Are humans born in a blank state, tabula rasa as John Lock referred to it? Many theories have been produced that try to explain human behavior. Those theories can be categorized under two main ideologies: determinism, and existentialism. Determinism is the idea that humans do not have free-well, and that all their decisions are determined either by the nature of human species or by the nurturing humans receive from the environment. The first type of deterministic theories argue in favor of human nature; namely, humans are predetermined by their genetics and natural evolution to act in a certain way. These theories tend to