Universality Of Attachment Theory
Cultural Differences in Child Attachment and The Universality of Attachment Theory Although attachment theory has been widely accepted, its universality is controversial. Some research support its validity across cultures, some do not. The main critique about the universality of attachment theory is that it is based especially on research that is conducted in Euro-Western populations. This causes suspicions about whether attachment theory is valid across diverse cultures. In this paper, I will present a literature review of four cross-cultural research to examine the universality of attachment theory. These four research were carried out in Euro-Western and non-Western countries, and they focused mainly on universality hypothesis of the attachment …show more content…
32 Japan mothers and 39 U.S. mothers participated in the study. They had an interview that included 10 questions (Rothbaum, Kakinuma, Nagaoka, & Azuma, 2007). The results showed both cultural similarities and differences. Desirable and undesirable behaviors are similar for both cultures. As original attachment theory suggests, desirable behavior is associated with security and undesirable behavior is associated with insecurity by mothers. Also consistent with attachment theory, mothers believed that socially desirability of children was related to responsiveness of their mothers (Rothbaum, et al., 2007). On the other hand, there were found some differences between Japan and U.S. cultures. Rothbaum et al. (2007) stated that “When describing the child with desirable characteristics… United States mothers focused on a much greater range of attributes-involving personality, social skills, character, and a host of specific traits- than did Japanese.” (p. 481). Whereas Japanese mothers mentioned mostly social roles, responsibilities, etc. In Japan child-rearing practices mother and infant are almost always together. Co-sleeping, co-bathing, etc are very common, and this creates dependence (Rothbaum, et al., 2007). Whereas U.S. practices encourage independence and exploration, so the child learns how to deal with absence of the caregiver. Rothbaum and his colleagues (2007) maintained that because Japan practices are based on promoting dependence and not promoting independence and exploration, the infants cannot be categorized as insecure in
Attachment Theory Paper
823 Words | 4 PagesThe following paper is given to discuss the attachment styles from the experts by how it was developed, while making note off the theorist whom played a part in developing the theory. This paper will also be discussing the impact the of attachment styles; secure, preoccupied, dismissive, and fearful-avoidant. There will be personal experiences given throughout the paper to further the illustrate the attachment theory. Finally, there will be a contrast on the perspective of the opposing sides when it comes to the durability of the styles. Attachment theory is an evolutionary, ethological, and psychological theory which gives individuals the explanatory and descriptive framework of understanding the interpersonal relationship between individuals in society.
Toddler Years Sparknotes
1059 Words | 5 PagesThe Toddler Years: A Practical Guide for Parents and Caregivers factors in cultural beliefs and how they
Hazan And Shaver's Theory Of Attachment Theory
305 Words | 2 PagesCindy Hazan and Philip Shaver in 1980 were able to move the theory of attachment and children into developed theories of attachment on adulthood relationships. They found that even in cases of adults a strong attachment is still very important, Hazan and Shaver (1980) concluded that a balance intimacy with independence within a relationship is best, if the attachment was too strong both parties would be over dependent, and if the attachment was weak there would be a lack of intimacy with feeing of inadequacy (Hazan and Shaver, 1980). Many past findings have suggested that secure attachment is related to high levels of self-esteem; such is found evident in Wilkinson (2004) research about the role of parental and peer attachment in the psychological
Cultural Analysis: Preschool In Three Cultures Revisited
1677 Words | 7 PagesThe current time period is one of unprecedented change; and of almost constant interaction, with each other, and with those of distant lands. Based on enhancements in technology and communication, one would assume that over the generation between the time when the first edition of Preschool in Three Cultures was published and when Preschool in Three Cultures Revisted was published, would show that education officials are closer to understanding what the best practices are for the universal preschool-aged child. Educators, administrators, and policy makers have been exposed to more practices from around the globe than ever before. Being that all three preschools are working with the same age group, with similar developmental needs, one would think that these three nations’ early childhood education systems have grown more alike because best practices for a three year old should look the same in the United States, China, and Japan. Along with that thought, each system has elements of value: shouldn’t “best” parts of each system be combined to create the “perfect
What Is John Bowlby's Attachment Theory
168 Words | 1 PagesThe attachment theory of John Bowlby has had an enduring impact on our understanding of child development. This study of Bowlby’s attachment theory allows us to understand more thoroughly how society and culture in constructing child rearing practices have a profound impact not only on the child but on the entire learning life of that individual. Attachment theory provides us with a lifelong learning project that brings together deep psychological patterns. Knowing that Bowlby does not do justice to the social and cultural factors that impact on development. At the core of a critical adult learning theory it is necessary to imagine how the cultures and societies, in which we live, interact with and influence the ways in which people relate
Attachment Theory In Hope Meadows Synopsis
1013 Words | 5 PagesAttachment theory states that either secure or insecure bonds may form between infant and mother in the first several months of the infant’s life for the purposes of safety and security. The bond formed between infant and mother influences the quality of the relationships a child has throughout his or her life. One major reasoning of the attachment theory is that the parents are a sanctuary of safety throughout all of early childhood. Insecure attachments promote feelings of threat, rejection, and personal unworthiness. This can also be the explanation for the dream children stashing food away because of the possible threat that there,” will come a time when they will not be fed” (Smith 99).Unhealthy attachments not only lead to poor caregiver-child relationships, but can also cause a dysfunctional self-development, defective relationships, substance abuse problems, and educational difficulties.
Summary Of John Bowlby's Attachment Theory
339 Words | 2 PagesExploring Groman’s article further, on the attachment theory, she states, “it is in our first relationship, usually with our mother, that much of our future well-being is determined (Groman, 2012).” The main point of this article is the importance of consistency
Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior Amy Chua Summary
1197 Words | 5 PagesSome people might argue that a child’s upbringing forms the child’s foundation of life. It forms the child’s identity and its view of life. The upbringing of children is a wide concept because it is never the same. The question is if there is an edge between upbringing and torture. The intention of upbringing is indisputable – you want your children to have a great life and a great future, but perchance certain ways of educating children can cause more damage than good.
Ethnocentrism In Babies
422 Words | 2 PagesBecause of the differences in child-rearing practices, I develop the opinion that such practices are strange, only because they’re different than those in America. Scenes from Africa and Mongolia show how prominent my ethnocentric beliefs are. However, different cultures have their own beliefs and child-rearing practices based off economic factors and cultural
Ainsworth Attachment Theory
554 Words | 3 Pages(Carpenter and Huffman, 2013 p.278) In her studies of infants, she placed the mother in a room with the child (securely attached), then introduced a stranger to the child(anxious/ambivalent), then the mother would leave the room leaving the stranger with the child(anxious/avoidant), then mother would return (disorganized/disoriented attachment). Observations of the child's reactions towards the mother and stranger in each of these segments were analyzed. From this, Ainsworth was able to conclude the bonding the child had toward their mother. The more attached the child, the more they responded to the mother coming and going, either by clinging, crying or following.
Sigmund Freud's Theory Of Attachment
1810 Words | 8 PagesThe experiment was done in a room with a one way glass to observe the infant. Different situations were given to the infant to determine the infant’s attachment style, the mother of the infant would leave the room and the infant would be left with the experimenter or the experimenter would leave the room and leave the mother and infant alone. How the infant reacts to the situation is used to determine the attachment style of the infant. Infants with secure attachment style would be distressed every time the mother would leave, the infant avoids the stranger when the mother leaves and when the mother returns the infant becomes happier. Infants with ambivalent attachment attachment style get distressed whenever the mother leaves, and avoids the stranger when left alone.
Essay On Attachment Theory
785 Words | 4 PagesOverview of Attachment Theory Attachment theory tries to describe the evolution of personality and behaviour in relationships and it gives a reason for the difference in a person’s emotional and relationship attitudes. In the beginning, it looked at the mechanics of relationships between children and their parents but it has since been expanded to cover the entire life of the human being (Howe, 2000). Attachment theory includes insights learned from evolutionary theory, ethology, systems theory and developmental psychology (Howe, 2001).
Conceptual Framework Of Attachment Theory
1214 Words | 5 PagesThe paper mainly focuses on the conceptual framework of Attachment theory as well as attachment style of a client with Self-esteem issues that helps in the case formulation and treatment plan in Cognitive Behavioural Theory (CBT). Attachment style can be explained as an emotional connection of one person with another. The aim of this research study is to evaluate an association between attachment theory and cognitive behavioural approaches, explicitly pointing out similarities as well as differences between both. For the research analysis, qualitative research methodology has been selected for which distinctive previous researches, books and journal article resources has been examined as the gathered evidences are based on attachment theory
Analysis Of The Movie Babies
878 Words | 4 PagesThe film Babies demonstrates areas of socialization and development that are etic and emic between countries. Therefore, this paper will examine how the countries are similar and different in their practices of raising babies allowing the observer to see if it impacts their overall development. First of all, in the four countries observed, Namibia, Japan, Mongolia, and the United States, there were areas that were universal in the development of the babies. All of the mothers performed basic tasks to ensure the survival of the babies. These include feeding, cleaning, sleeping, providing shelter, and comforting the babies.
Essay On Attachment In Early Life
1137 Words | 5 PagesThrough factors such as cognitive development of the infant, attentive care and intimate interactions with a primary caregiver, the attachment relationship is created – shaping the infants- caregiver bond. By examining the interactions between an infant and their primary caregiver, we can identify secure, insecure and disorganized attachment (Ainsworth, 1978; Cassidy 1994); which can reveal a great deal about the relationship between the infant and attachment figure. Overall, the quality of attachment bonds formed in the early years can have long lasting effects on an infant’s emotional security and social competence; not only shaping their ability to form relationships, but laying the foundations for the social, emotional and mental development of the
More about Universality Of Attachment Theory
Attachment Theory Paper
823 Words | 4 PagesToddler Years Sparknotes
1059 Words | 5 PagesHazan And Shaver's Theory Of Attachment Theory
305 Words | 2 PagesCultural Analysis: Preschool In Three Cultures Revisited
1677 Words | 7 PagesWhat Is John Bowlby's Attachment Theory
168 Words | 1 PagesAttachment Theory In Hope Meadows Synopsis
1013 Words | 5 PagesSummary Of John Bowlby's Attachment Theory
339 Words | 2 PagesWhy Chinese Mothers Are Superior Amy Chua Summary
1197 Words | 5 PagesEthnocentrism In Babies
422 Words | 2 PagesAinsworth Attachment Theory
554 Words | 3 PagesSigmund Freud's Theory Of Attachment
1810 Words | 8 PagesEssay On Attachment Theory
785 Words | 4 PagesConceptual Framework Of Attachment Theory
1214 Words | 5 PagesAnalysis Of The Movie Babies
878 Words | 4 PagesEssay On Attachment In Early Life
1137 Words | 5 Pages