Universality Of Attachment Theory

Title: The Gift of Adoption Rhetorical Purpose: To inform the audience about what adoption looks like in today’s society, including what it is, an overview of the process, and the prevalence in the media. Thesis Statement: The process is often thought of as complicated and uncommon, but with increased awareness and proper education, individuals can better understand the gift that is adoption. Introduction: I. Attention Getter: More than five million women of childbearing age in the U.S. have infertility problems (Seven myths, 2018). Or in simpler terms, one out ten couples will have problems with infertility, according to Meredith’s Women Network (Seven myths, 2018).

It has been said that mothers’ gender-role attitude is more highly associated with daughter’s gender-role attitudes than with sons’ (Blair, 1992). An example of this is when an employed women themselves also having egalitarian gender-role attitudes than those who are not employed (Glass, 1992), likely to transmit these attitudes to their children, while children whose mothers are employed are directly exposed to a female model behaving in a way consistent with egalitarian gender roles, when they reach the age of deciding to conform or deviate from their parent’s gender role and gender-role attitude, a change from the next generation might occur (Fan & Marini, 2000). Another evidence was gathered from Scott, Alwin & Braun’s (1996) study, the succeeding generations show attitudes that are less traditional than those of their predecessors, although overall change is made up of intra cohort change in addition to cohort succession. Through studying of Fan & Marini (2000) on the effects of different types of socializing influences in the family of origin and later in life, from a generation to the next one, they have identified the societal influences that produce a macro-level

The radical variation was due to the re-evaluation of the value of the child, who was not seen anymore as a short-term burden but as a long-term productive force by Western European government agencies. Children started being considered as necessary both for the production of wealth, and for the increase of military power of the nation. Accordingly, the duties of women towards their children changed. ‘The primary function of motherhood shifted from the biological function of childbearing to the nurturant function of child-rearing’. In this way, mothers became responsible not just for the generation of babies, but also for the raise of properly acculturated members of society and virtuous citizens.

In fact, conflicts are exceptionally suited to fostering the renegotiation of parental authority (Collins and Laursen 2004; Sillars et al. 2004; Smetana 1995) and are thus inevitable in this realignment process (Collins et al. 1997 ; Collins and Steinberg

The text supports this debate by stating that, “the socialization and cognitive perspectives differ in the degree to which they emphasize the role of the social environment, especially reinforcement and modeling of adults and peers, relative to cognitive developmental processes, such as the emergence of children’s gender identity and knowledge of gender stereotypes” (par. 16). Many disagreed to the fact that these are different, but the theorists who researched on this, claim that they have many similarities. Theorists report the ways how the children react and respond to social messages. This marks the shaping of children’s behavior to match gender cultural gender role norms (par. 16). Often times children react and act the way the society wants them to act, and that’s the way how society wants to see

Kelly (2003) also finds that the majority of children do not continue to have psychological adjustment difficulties. A number of predictive factors for good adjustment to changed family circumstances mitigate the negative impact. Mooney et al. (2009) suggest that supporting maternal mental health, facilitating cooperative parenting between parents, enabling good communication between parents and their children, reducing and managing parental conflict, encouraging good parent-child relationships and adopting strategies to ease financial hardship can all work to lessen the stress of divorce and help family members in the transition process. Amato et al, (2011) cautions that the notion of a “good” divorce with interventions that help maintain strong parent-child relationships are undoubtedly of value but may be insufficient to counter the entire range of problems associated with divorce.

I believe that Dawkins was correct that mothers have certain clutch to maximize the amount of viable offspring they can have (117). Reproducing takes time and energy and many factors can impact the mother and the development of that offspring (Dawkins 116,117) (Paul et al. 2010). Evidence has shown that pushing litter size boundaries can lead to a mother lacking the ability to properly care for the all the offspring effectively (Baxter et al. 2013). Dawkins mentions that not having as many offspring as possible is against the “selfish gene” theory (116).

In my opinion, process of raising child and effects of culture are determinant in sharing the roles other than biological factors which are not able to directly influence the gender development in human-beings. Even before the birth, both females and males have a strong connection with their mothers. They begin to learn new things from their mothers since the day they open their eyes to the world. Therefore, mother’s behaviors towards their children play a crucial role to shape child’s interests and acts.

This technique involves being accepting and tolerant of a child’s behavior (Baumrind, n.d., p. 889). This style became more popular as wars ended, economies grew more fruitful, and Baby Boomers of the 1950’s became parents. As a whole, society influences parents, and they, in turn, conform to communal ideals of disciplinary roles. As society grew more tolerant of disrespect for authority than they were of a parent’s strict rules and ample punishment, some began to argue for firm, yet fair, means of discipline.

The intention of upbringing is indisputable – you want your child to have a great life and a great future, but perchance certain ways of educating children can cause more damage than good. The article “Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior” was written in 2011 by Amy Chua, who is a professor at Yale Law School in the United States of America. The article follows significant themes such as the upbringing of children and perfectionism. In the article, the author, Amy Chua, explains the differences between the upbringing of children by respectively Chinese parents and Western parents.

The differential control scale measures maternal strictness, punishment, blame, as well as discipline (e.g., our mother punishes us for our misbehavior). Participants were required to rate on a five-point Likert scale (1 = applies more to my sibling, 2 = applies a little more to my sibling, 3 = applies equally to me and my sibling, 4 = applies a little more to me, 5 = applies more to me) about how their mother treats them compared to their siblings. The reliabilities for affect scale and control scale were ∝ =.84, and. 79 respectively (Kowal, Krull, &Kramer, 2006). In order to assess the degree of parental differential treatment, score in each items was recoded as an absolute score.

A study that compared data on the parenting styles of Chinese, Malay, and Indian Singaporeans showed that education is the diminishing factor in the cultural differences (Qual, 2003). That is, parenting styles among culturally different parents are similar, mimicking that of the authoritative model, when their level of formal education was high (Qual, 2003). The results showed with an increase in the level of education of parents, the more likely they were to be openly affectionate with their children. Additionally, the higher the level of education of the parents, the more likely they are to favour family-school cooperation (Qual, 2003). The notion of expecting children to be seen, not heard, was rejected by parents who’s education level was higher (Qual,

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe encourages “women who are currently employed to work more”. Moreover, there is concern that the ‘Spousal Tax Break, ' which allows a reduction in taxes for a household, as long as the spouse’s income falls below a certain amount, needs to be removed to aide the transition of more women into the workforce. Mr Abe has also pledged to improve access to childcare services, a critical factor in mothers’ ability to enter the workforce. These steps, though arguably modest, augur well for the future of working women in Japan, who will in turn help to grow the productivity of Japan to support an ageing

(2015) used questionnaires – Such as The Impulsive Behavior Scale (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001). This can provide limitations as, being retrospective, the questionnaires depend on the individual’s memory and can also fall prey to social desirability, where an individual gives the answer they believe the researcher wants or which makes them look as good as possible, thus resulting in a counterfeit outcome, purposefully or otherwise which lowers the research’s ecological validity. Whereas Raby et al. (2015) conducted a longitudinal study which allowed them to test both mothers and their children in the same way before comparing the results, adding to the reliability of the paper as each observation was recorded and

Besides these imbricating principles for belongingness – place of residence and agnatic kinship – a Nuer man is indebted towards his affines as well as age-mates. This manifests in multiple ways. Fighting is a common act in the Nuer society. Although they are raised to solve disputes by fighting, they avoid conflicts with his kinsmen. If one is dead during fighting, the dead man’s kinsmen is obliged to seek revenge on the killer.