Rural Urban Migration

Abstract:
Rural-urban migration results in the redistribution of the population and the labor force. This study seeks to look for determinants playing an integral role in this movement. One of the models used for data collection analysis is the probit model. The findings show that the non-economic factors play an important role in the rural-urban migration in Pakistan although they aren’t the only determinants. In-depth study of socio-economic factors helps us understand the causes of the migration. There is a question of whether the distribution of land and other assets affect migration. There is found a positive link between employment types, family members in the work force, years of education, land holdings and migration. Other studies

There are two types of people living in the cities of Pakistan, one are those who have access to all the facilities provided in this era of modernization and others living far below others in their rural areas. Basic facilities such housing, education, access to clean drinking water, employment and sanitation act as a pressure on the respective authorities, followed by increasing crime rates.

Push and Pulls factors:
The following are the push and pull factors studied
1. Decline in the per capita share in the resources such as agricultural land, change in technology, exhaustion of mines, timber or other resources and closure of certain industries in some of the regions.
2. Mechanization leading to unemployment.
3. Caste, political and social discrimination.
4. Over all better facilities in urban area such as availability of jobs, better working condition, higher standard of living, better sanitation, marriage freedom and better opportunities for education.
5. Recreational, better health, transportation and communication facilities for all types of

This viewpoint of migration is identified as the, “new economics of migration (NELM)”. The supporters of the NELM models argue that rural-urban migration is a source of varying income in the LDCs. Therefore the choice to place some members of the household in the urban labor market is a household decision and not an individual decision. (Stark 1978, Stark 1982)
The models having talked about till now cover almost all aspects of the rural-urban migration but not even a single one of them considers those people who leave their home for survival because of civil conflicts, violence, wars or any other natural or manmade hazards.
(Ibanez and Velez 2008) Nonetheless, there are other research studies which believe that forced migration is not something dissimilar from the conventional migration decisions and therefore economic and social factors are still considered when dealing with the forced. For them movement includes the same analysis with one additional variable, i.e.