Every urban planning decision should take into account the overall benefits and costs – the triple bottom line – of choosing one land use over another while viewing urban forests as crucial infrastructure providing tangible benefits and values that enhance the quality of life, safety, and public health. In fact, the return on investment in urban forests far exceeds the cost of installation and maintenance compared with grey infrastructure and should be considered a “smart deal” for decision-makers, administrators and citizens. (FAO, 2016).
The benefits of urban forests vary in nature and importance depending on the location and economic, social and environmental circumstances of a given community. FAO, 2016; FAO, n.d; and League of Cities, 2013, highlighted the benefits below which are categorized into three groups, namely; environmental, economic and cultural aspects.
4.1. Benefits
4.1.1. Environmental Benefits
4.1.1.1 Landscape enhancement
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While having a green city can be a source of pride and aid in attracting forest investment. This can be seen in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore who use reclaimed derelict areas in a number of cities to enhance the landscape (FAO, n.d)
4.1.1.1.2. A habitat for wildlife
Trees provide a habit for wildlife and aid in the promotion of biodiversity-ecosystem which is dependent on a diverse variety of bioforms. As such, urban forestry in Georgetown will aid providing a habitat for biodiversity, which who have otherwise been difficult for these species. In a report, they indicated that a single oak tree, a species commonly found in many American cities, can support up to 500 species of insects and invertebrate species (NLC, 2013).
4.1.1.1.3. Climatic modification and Climate
At this time it is estimated that the Emerald Ash Borer is responsible for killing over one million ash trees. Ash trees are very abundant. Some forests are over half ash trees. With the Emerald Ash Borer moving as quickly as it does and killing trees so fast this will lead to a huge shortage of ash trees. All twenty-two species of ash trees are targeted by the beetles.
Over the past two decades the pine forests of Western North America have experienced major changes due to the Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic that began in 1995. Mountain Pine Beetles are insect parasites that use trees as their hosts in order to mate and lay eggs. After the larva becomes a beetle, the tree is killed and the next generation of beetles set out to find another pine tree and the cycle repeats. Environmentalists have proven the changes in the lifecycle of the pine beetle to be directly correlated with the adaptations of the Mountain Pine and climate change. Since the epidemic began the Mountain Pine Beetle is responsible for affecting millions of acres of forest in the western United States and over 44 million acres in British Columbia.
Second, the author avers that decaying trees is suitable for harmful insects such as spruce bark beetle. The professor states that it 's true that spruce insects are living in these trees. In the other hand, she stated that decaying trees are not good habitat just for insects, but also for other animals and birds, so removing those trees will cause harm consequences more that what the insects
Subject- Deforestation affects majority of the population, including people and animals, across the nation and in my community. Situation or Problem- Deforestation is the action of eliminating trees, in forests, by cutting them down. The objective of deforestation is to create more land for construction and land establishments with the idea of not restoring thee trees back or replacing them. How it affects my community- Deforestation can disrupt the homes of many animals, including birds and fish.
The Kennesaw State Arboretum is spilt from an upslope and a downslope which was examined to seeing the difference in age and size of the hardwood and pine trees. The variation of age and size can be due to changes in the progressive changes in the tree species over time. This was tested by measuring pine and hardwood trees in 2 different areas of the forest, upslope and downslope, collecting tree data with at least 25cm circumference and 10 ft. tall in 5 different plots of 100 m2. The data describes the hypothesis that if the upslope and downslope parts of the forest differ in age, then the size of the eldest hardwood trees of the upslope and downslope will differ. If the upslope and downslope parts of the forest are different ages, then the forest will differ in proportion of mature hardwood relative to pine.
Urbanization, or the growth of cities, erupted during the Industrial Revolution. Cities were a place of work, innovation, and technology. Over the course of fifty years (1850-1900) more and more people moved to the cities, which caused more and more problems in them. With these problems came solutions, and those solutions led to change. These changes could be good like movements to get cleaner water or having plumbing.
Have you ever heard that every year the Amazon Rainforest is losing 78 million acres of land every year? Well it’s sadly true, the reason it’s happening is because of all the jobs in Brazil. That’s what’s hurting it and destroying the Forest, people are trying to do everything to get back the Amazon Rainforest. In 1960 Brazil was the 11th largest economy in the world, everyone in a very populated country can’t be rich.
Introduction As the world’s population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? In my opinion, urban areas are places that consist of a variety of land uses and buildings, where services and amenities are easily accessible to the general public, and includes an established multimodal transportation network. Also, it should be a place where people can play, learn, work, and grow in a safe and collaborative manner.
Kofi Annan, once the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations, stated, “If globalization is to succeed, it must succeed for poor and rich alike. It must deliver rights no less than riches. It must provide social justice and equity no less than economic prosperity and enhanced communication” (Kofi Annan). Persistently, the world is reminded of the advantages of globalization and how history could have been shaped without its existence. In spite of the declarations that defend the international movement enhancing the ideology of an interconnected planet, the downsides of globalization cannot be ignored.
The rapid destruction of woodlands or removal of trees from forests is known as deforestation. Every year, vast areas of forests are cleared to make way for agriculture and development. Tropical rainforests play important ecological roles: 1. Rainforests are the oldest ecosystems on Earth and house almost half of the world’s flora and fauna. 2.
It has been estimated that tropical rainforests provide 50% of terrestrial species with a habitat (Lovejoy 1997) even though
Limits to development is having boundaries to developable areas and undevelopable areas. The idea is to maintain the place identity and stop/slow urban sprawl by limiting the growth of certain areas. This policy involves heavy decision making of acceptable and unacceptable developments made by the local government. Smart growth is a policy-based movement where the urban area is focused on widening investments of infrastructures creating new opportunities and protecting open spaces.
Sustainable forest management requires three major criteria which are the maintenance of ecological processes within the forest (soil formation, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nutrient and hydrological cycles), maintenance of biodiversity of forest, improving the net social benefits derived from the mixture of forest uses within the constraints by considering the future. Forest provides habitats for more than half of the fauna and flora on the Earth (SCBD, 2001). Forest biome plays an important role in mitigating climate change by serving as carbon sinks (Hassan et al., 2005). Forest land is the most fundamental natural resources which become reduced mainly due to anthropogenic pressures. For proper management of land, it is essential to have information about existing land cover and about the naturalness of the land.
INTRODUCTION URBAN LAND USED SYSTEM Urban land use system means the system which manages the land area in urban cities. The land in urban areas should plan very well to mitigate the issues that arise in the future. Planning of buildings, roads, highways, rail ways, ports, stations and flyovers has to be planned under this system. It is very important to plan the urban land properly by placing the infrastructures in the proper places because wrong management plans will creates huge cost for the economy.
“FGHI is a newly resettled urban colony in a big city in India. Most of the inhabitants were engaged in various informal economic sectors in their prior area of habitation. As they were made to resettle in a distant place located at the periphery of the city, many people got disengaged from their previous occupations. They are still searching for suitable employment or entrepreneurship opportunities.