Urea Cycle Lab Report

Literature review Research question is how different temperatures affect the catalase enzyme. What is an enzyme? Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Substrates are molecules that enzymes could act upon and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products.

Here the apical membrane form bile and the basolateral membrane face blood. All newly synthesized apical and basolateral proteins are sent to the golgi to the basolateral membrane. From here both proteins are endocytosed in the same vesicle,but take different pathways.They both are also sorted into transport vesicles where some move to the basolateral and others move to fuse with the apical membrane. An importance of transcytosis is that through endothelial cells, drugs can pass through the BBB into the brain and also avoid efflux by ABC transporters(Georgieva,Hoekstra and Zuhorn,

Changes such as mitochondrial breakdown to release cytochrome c and the translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner plasma membrane leaflet to the outer leaflet also occur. The changes that occur in the cell, act as signals of

Glucose, which is a six-carbon sugar, is at that moment divided into two molecules of a three carbon sugar. The breaking down of glucose, takes place in the cell’s cytoplasm. Glucose and oxygen are produced from this breakage, and are supplied to cells by the bloodstream. Also produced by glycolysis are, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 high energy electron carrying molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis happens with or without the presence of oxygen.

Oxaloacetate is regenerated after the completion of one kreb cycle. REACTION 2: Formation of Isocitrate: The next reaction of the Kreb cycle is catalysed by acontinase enzyme. In this reaction overall two H2O molecules are generated one water molecule is removed and other water molecule is put added into another location. The overall effect of this reaction is that the shuffling of -OH group from position 3 to 4. The yield that get is isocitrate

The reaction rate of this reaction is controlled by an enzyme called Luciferase which acts as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a chemical which interacts with the substrate in the reaction in order to alter the rate of the chemical

The function of an enzyme is determined by its structure, thus the order in which the amino acids are in make up the enzymes specific shape. The precise way that the amino acids are twisted and folded creates a distinctive shape of the enzymes active site. This active site is now open for substrates which are reactant molecules. Once the substrates go into the enzymes active site they bond together and then leave the enzyme, making the enzyme ready for another set of substrates. The function of enzymes is to speed up reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy needed to get the reaction started.

On a cellular level, the activation of V2 receptors leads to the synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which, in turn, results in the translocation of intracellular aquaporin type 2 to the apical cell membrane (131, 132). Aquaporin type 2 belongs to a group of water channel-forming proteins and is the molecule directly responsible for the vasopressin

Endocytosis brings molecules into a cell while exocytosis takes molecules out of a cell.2. Both processes use vesicles for molecular transport.3. Endocytosis creates vesicles while exocytosis can destroy them.4. The primary function of endocytosis is getting nutrients and the primary function of exocytosis is expelling waste.Read more: Difference between Exocytosis and Endocytosis | Difference Between

The human body, typically, makes 22 digestive enzymes capable of digesting carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, and fats. They include enzymes produced by the stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and the salivary glands of the mouth. The energy-producing properties of enzymes are responsible for not only the digestion of nutrients, but their absorption, metabolization, transportation, and elimination as well. The function of the enzyme is to catalyze chemical reactions within the cells so that all physiological processes can occur. The process of digestion starts in the mouth, then makes its way to the stomach and large intestine, and concludes in the small intestine.

Mrs. Fender’s jaundice is caused by the accumulation of bilirubin in her blood and tissues. What is the normal fate of bilirubin, and what role does the liver play? Explain how Mrs. Fender’s cirrhosis is related to her jaundice. • Bilirubin is a product of the heme of hemoglobin formed during the breakdown of erythrocytes. The liver removes the bilirubin from the blood and excretes it into the intestines as bile.

Fermentation test is used to determine if unknown #398 uses any oxygen to ferment carbohydrates and acids. Oxidation tests were used to determine if unknown #398 metabolizes carbohydrates and acids by cellular respiration. Both tests are observed by inoculation of unknown #398 into 3 sugar broths: lactose, glucose, and mannitol and 1 citrate (Citric acid) slant. Fifth test, Hydrolytic and Degradative reactions is used to determine if unknown #398 contains enzyme, amylase that hydrolyzes starch after streaking on a starch plate. Next test, inoculation of a urea broth and is used to determine if unknown #398 contains urease that hydrolyzes urea.