Carbamate Dehydration Lab Report
Introduction:
Urea is one of the world’s most produced chemical. It is used as a nitrogen-rich fertiliser, and has great importance in agriculture in each corner of the world. It was first synthesized by Woelher in 1828 by heating Ammonium Cyanide. As its uses increased, I.G.Farben commercially produced it from carbamate dehydration process in 1920 and in 1959 its production started in India.
Since last 50-60 years, Urea is being made from Ammonia and Carbon dioxide. Both these gases are fed into the reactor at high temperatures of 170⁰C -190⁰C (443-463K) and high pressures of 100-200 atm . Formation of biuret by condensation reaction of Urea is a major concern. 2NH3 + CO2 NH2COONH4 + Heat ∆H = -37.4 kcal/mol NH2COONH4 NH2CONH2
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The feed composition for this process has a NH3/CO2 ratio of 3.5:1 and is fed to the autoclave operating at a pressure of 200 atm. There is a conversion of 60% of the ammonium carbamate into urea. Absorption is used for recovering the unreacted gases partially by a recycle. Recent modification to this process includes adding of another autoclave in parallel so as to increase the conversion above 60% and for minimizing the effect of received water. Where one autoclave has an inlet feed of ammonia and carbon dioxide and the other autoclave has ammonium carbamate as the feed for …show more content…
It is a total recycle process and it uses an oil slurry of ammonium carbamate. This oil slurry helps in recovering the unconverted ammonia and carbon dioxide and in their recycling. The special thing of this process is it doesn’t recycle the water back to the autoclave.
4. Stamicarbon Process:
Process operates using an autoclave feed molar ratio of 3:1 of NH3/CO2. Operating pressure is about 138 atm. The carbamate, which is unconverted, is sent to stripper for its decomposition and the ammonia and carbon dioxide obtained thereby are stripped off. One of the salient features of this process is to prevent the corrosion of stainless steel (autoclave material) by introducing a controlled amount of oxygen in the autoclave (reactor).
5. Dupont Process:
This process operates using a molar feed ratio of 5:1:0.73 of NH3/CO2/H2O. Operates around a pressure of 408 atm and temperature of 2000C (473 K). The reactor effluent is fed to the ammonia still for recovering unreacted ammonia. The whole Dupont process requires excess of ammonia and the unreacted ammonia is recovered through condensation by operating the ammonia still at a pressure of around 13 atm and temperature of 1200C (393 K). Ammonia comes from the top of the still and the bottom of the still is sent to carbamate decomposers so as to separate ammonia and carbon dioxide from the aqueous urea
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