Vanuatu Geology Script
Slide 1:
The Geology of Vanuatu
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Tectonic plates are large pieces of molten rock that make up the earth’s mantle. The outer layer of the earth consists of seven main plates (the African, North American, South American, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, Antarctic and Pacific plates) and multiple smaller ones. Convection currents are heat transfers where heated magma rises and cooled magma sinks. They are caused by large movements of molecules in the asthenosphere and flow under the lithosphere, creating plate movement. This causes the plates to interact with other surrounding plates, which are called tectonic boundaries.
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There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent and transform. Divergent plates move away from each other, forming new land when magma rises from underneath the crust. This can also create volcanoes, lakes and rift valleys. Convergent plates move towards one another and collide. One plate usually subducts under the other, which surges upwards, often producing earthquakes, volcanic activity, and crustal deformation. Transform plates slide past one another. The friction from the abrasive edges of the plates causes earthquakes, generally followed by tsunamis.
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Vanuatu is a small archipelago of several main
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From the topographical map, a large ridge is clearly seen: a result of the convergent boundary between the Australian and New Hebrides plates. This relates to the geological history of Vanuatu. The island’s volcanoes are parallel to the boundary due to the subduction zone underneath Vanuatu. The earthquake pattern shows the earthquakes gradually getting deeper as they move further down the subducted Australian plate. The recorded tsunamis are also located near the border of the plates, and are often above the larger clusters of earthquakes, as noted
The three types of plate convergences are convergent, divergent and transformative. Each has something different happen. In convergent, the two plates converge. In divergent, the two plates move apart. In transformative, the two plates slide across one another.
1. What is subduction and how did it plus faulting lead to the formation of Catalina’s island? Blueschist, greenschist, and amphibolite rocks are typically found in this order from top to bottom. Amphibolite is found at more intense pressures and temperatures than schists are found due to these metamorphic rocks being made from sediments that get subducted back down into the mantle. The unique Catalina Schist was formed when these layers of rock in the Farallon plate became subducted underneath the North American plate and eventually becoming “stuck.”
The asthenosphere is making convection currents. Since the convection currents are always moving it causes the asthenosphere to move and bend because it is ductile. When the asthenosphere moves which is under the tectonic plates it will cause an earthquake or more specifically the Alaskan Way
- Crust - cool, lightweight, brittle, which floats on top of mantle. It is the outer layer of earth. Tectonic processes reshape continents and also cause earthquakes - Tectonic plates- plates caused by convection currents in the mantle that causes earthquakes. - Ocean basins form where continents crack and pull apart. - Magma – is molten rock
The Connecticut river valley was also formed from many rifts and faults that had developed. A rift valley is a region of lowland that forms where tectonic plates move apart, which is how the river valley was formed. On the other hand, the plate tectonics also formed the Appalachian mountains. The Appalachian mountains were formed by convergent boundaries, which is when two plates collide. The
The two plates that moved were the North American tectonic plate and the Pacific tectonic plate. The plates moved about 15 feet, this is huge because the average movement of tectonic plates during an earthquake is only 2 inches. The earthquake only lasted a minute but it quickly destroyed the city. The earthquake
Kalgoorlie Gold Mine Preamble The Kalgoorlie Mine, also known as the Super Pit due to its distinctive depth of 600m ( Figure 1.), is a mine situated in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia that primarily extracts gold. Often considered to be the largest open-cut mine in the nation, Kalgoorlie produces a tremendous 22 000 kilograms of gold each year. The gold rush that struck Australia during 1851-1914 was primarily a result of the discovery of many mining sites like the Kalgoorlie gold mine.
It was conducted in order learn how to better manage the barriers in response to growing development in coastal areas. In response to previous research, it was hypothesized that some barrier islands originally formed offshore and were relocated to their present locations through wash over. The study was conducted by examining stratigraphic sections for nine barrier island transects as well as stratigraphic data from previous studies. Over 200 vibracores were examined for the study total.
little movement from the tectonic caused big things such as earthquake, but what exactly is San Andreas Fault? San Andreas fault is major fracture of the Earth’s crust in extreme western north America (Brittanica). San Andreas fault have caused so many earthquakes in U.S.A, causing many destruction, and causing lost of lifes. Now, What made Northridge Earthquake so destructive? While the Northridge earthquake was happening Californian people couldn’t predict it (u-s-history.com).
Introduction The intent of this experiment is to understand how hot and cold water interact with each other by combining clear hot water and black ice cold water. I hope to learn more about how hot and cold water interact with each other. As of now, I know that cold water is denser than hot water. Knowing this I formed my hypothesis.
In Small Island, Hortense is ridiculed in London by the host society for her aspirations despite being a Black woman. Hortense trained as a teacher in Jamaica and ‘was the talk of the college for several weeks.’ Hortense’s privileged upbringing is a reflection of her high hopes for England and the educational advantages she feels she will be entitled to in Britain. Although, Hortense is well-respected feelings of superiority often interject Hortense’s outlook on the opportunities available to her in Britain. Thus, she is alienated in the British educational system due to institutionalised racism and nowhere will hire her because she is black.
How do earthquakes form? Earth quakes form when two earth blocks slide past each other. When they slip past each other it is called a fault. Earth quakes
They have the same impact like secondary hazard. They are tsunamis, secondary hazard, that causes after the earthquake, tsunami had killed a lot of people and destroy area around there. The effect for Valdivia earthquake are too big so they’re traveled across to the Pacific Ocean and traveled along to the southern Chile, Hawaii, Philippine, Japan and etc, with the speed are over than 200 miles per hour. While the effect for Alaska is also big, that why this incident which is caused tsunami and massive landslides are also affect a lot in Canada to Hawaii.
These two plates push and shove each other causing small tremors throughout which can cause landslides,volcanic eruptions and once in a couple years, quakes with devastating results. The strongest earthquake recorded occurred in 1991 with a measure of 7.6 on the Richter scale. This earthquake left 4 dead and buildings as well as bridges and road were completely destroyed. If another Earthquake occurs, the coastal cities would be the most affected ones as they are closer to the plates.
Climate change is believed to be the biggest issue facing the Earth. It is a long-term change in the Earth’s temperatures and climate (“Climate Change”, Dictionary.com). Our atmosphere is part of the reason why we can live on Earth with reasonable temperatures. Humans have been emitting unnatural greenhouse gases, like coal, oil, and gas. This is changing the natural systems that take place in our atmosphere.