VERBAL IMAGERY
ABSTRACT
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of word length and presence or absence of visual cues on memory. It was conducted to see whether the presence or absence of the visual cue leads to better remembrance of the words presented to the participant. Also the length of the words was taken into consideration to test the memory for the words shown to the participants. This experiment was conducted with the sample of 82 participants wherein they were presented with 4 tasks. Each participant was exposed to short and long words with no visual cues in the 1st and the 2nd task respectively. And they were exposed to long and short words with visual cues in the 3rd and the 4th task respectively. After each task
…show more content…
In this view, pictures are more likely than words to be encoded in both verbal and image representations, thereby increasing the probability of later retrieval. Dual coding theory is supported by the finding that participants are more likely to spontaneously name pictures than they are to image verbal stimuli. Thus, it was concluded that pictures are encoded in the memory both verbally and visually.
Mayer and Anderson (1991), performed an experiment in which one group of participants were presented with words-before-picture and another group was presented with words-with-pictures. The results were such that, the participants who were presented with words-with-pictures outperformed the participants who were presented with
…show more content…
They suggested that past demonstrations of the word length effect, the finding that words with fewer syllables are recalled better than words with more syllables, included a confound: the short words had more orthographic neighbours than the long words. They wanted to test if the neighbourhood size is a more important factor than word length. Therefore, they tested two predictions that arise out of an account that attributes word length effects to neighbourhood size rather than to length per se: (1) The neighbourhood size effect, like the word length effect, should be eliminated if subjects engage in concurrent articulation. (2) Long items with a large neighbourhood size should be recalled better than short items with a small neighbourhood size.
Word length effect:
The word length effect refers to the finding that list of short words will be recalled better than the list of long words. (Lewandowsky and Farrell, 2008)
STATEMENT OF PRPOBLEM
The statement of problem here is, ‘will the introduction of visual cues facilitate the word length effect?’
HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis of this experiment states that there will be two main effects and one interaction effect. The main effect and the interaction effects are as under:
1. Main effect 1- The length of the words (short or long) will have significant impact on the recall score.
2. Main effect 2- The visual cues (being
According to Weber & Johnson (2009), higher cognition levels are present when an individual has an initial perception of a situation or task. The
The following test was a picture that the client needed to explain in complete sentences what was happening in the picture. This was to test if she had anomic aphasia because she would need to know the names of the words to explain the picture. Afterward, the client needed to tell the clinician everything that she remembers about John F. Kennedy. This was to test if she remembers a historical event from her past. Then, the client was shown pictures with objects on them and needed to describe them using only one word.
Visual imagery, a memory technique that involves constructing mental images when learning new information in order to be able to better recall the information later. Mark Bowden gives visual imagery to make a reader understand what a soldiers see’s in the situation. First example, “They came as always, low and loud. Usually they came at night. You would Hear only the thrum of their rotors”(71 Bowden).
This paper is on the article “Clues Hint at 2 Brain’s Memory Maps” by Sandra Blakeslee. It was issued by the New York Times on February 15th, of 1985. This piece explores amnesia and the effects it had on different types of memory. It uses various empirical evidence such as small case studies and experiments.
Describe and evaluate relevant theories of flashbulb memory. An understanding of human memory is substantial in the study of cognition. As one of the most essential and influential cognitive process, memory affects various aspects of our daily life. Examples of its importance include functioning in everyday life, recognizing faces of people around us, remembering some of our basic skills that we gained through knowledge and experience. Mainly, without memory we would have the same lack of knowledge as newborn infants.
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) conducted an experiment on the serial position effect. Their aim was to investigate the effect of recency on recall. They gave the participants a list with items to memorize. The participants were asked to recall the items in any order. The results were that the participants recalled the information from the beginning and the end the best.
Thus, we created 16 different PowerPoints that varied in order of the stories and word-lists, and whether those were in either a verbal or visual format. In total, each participant encountered 4 different conditions. After each individual condition, they were given a short distractor task that involved answering three math questions and then were provided with a link to a google form with a memory recall test. Each memory recall test consisted of seven questions which asked if they could recall a particular word from the stimulus they previously encountered. Five questions were critical lure words and the remaining two were thematic words from the previous story or
Professor John Gabrieli and Michael Anderson, a psychology associate professor at the University of Oregon conducted the experiment. Where 24 people between the ages of 19 and 31 were given 36 pairs of nouns that were not related and asked to memorize them. After a few minutes they were able to remember them. This experiment was documented using a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine to view the brains processes. They were then asked to only remember the first words and forget the pairs while more scans were taken.
Each participant was exposed to short and long words with no visual cues in the 1st and the 2nd task respectively. And they were exposed to long and short words with visual cues in the 3rd and the 4th task respectively. After each task
How reliable are the two models or theories of the cognitive process of memory, “|…|the process of maintaining information over time” (Matlin, 2005) , known as the multistore model (MSM) and the levels of processing model (LOP)? Both of these models have been widely criticized, but simultaneously they have improved our knowledge and understanding of how the process of memory works. In this essay both of these models of memory will be evaluated by presenting the strengths and limitations of each. The first model, the multistore model, was put forward by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) which suggests that the concept of memory involves three stores; the sensory stores, the short-term store (STS), and the long-term store (LTS).
In Experiment 1, there were 27 male participants who were randomly assigned to the red condition or the white condition. The participants were only told that the experiment had to do with first impressions
In the viewpoint of perceptual load theory, stimulus differences happen when the stimulus has high or low perceptual load. The perceptual load discusses complications of the physical stimuli, especially the distractor stimuli, for example, a right-angled symbol surrounded by a rounded symbol is when there is a perceptual load which is low and when there is a right-angled symbol enclosed by heaps of dissimilar symbols this is high perceptual load. Because of the supposed inadequate volume of noticeable materials, in high perceptual loaded studies the aim of noticeable materials is worn out earlier thus enabling to react to the goal quicker in contrast to a lower loaded perceptual
While there is a long history of the study of memory, across many fields of study, the concept is still ill-defined. To correct this, further inquiry is needed to overcome critical blind spots in scientific understanding of memory. Critical blinds spots in the neurological bases of memory, episodic and semantic memory, as well as working memory will be discussed to better understand the current state of memory and what it truly is. Early efforts to understand memory began with Plato around 428 to 348 B.C., who thought of memory as a connection between the rational world and the perceptual world (King, Viney, & Woody, 2009). Other ancient philosophers have made contributions to the concept of memory, including Aristotle, who believed that memories
Eriksen and Eriksen (1974) had made use of target letters that were flanked by noise letters by five different conditions to test the RTs of subjects. However, the cueing effect was not included in the experiment. This was changed by Gehring et al. (1992). He and his fellow researches had made changes to the experiment such that before each flanker trial, a cue will be displayed.
Sentence length is also used to signify importance and create