Vitamin C Research Paper

1. How does DNA encode information? DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of a phosphate backbone and deoxyribose, and encodes information by the sequence of its nucleotide bases, which are composed of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine. DNA undergoes transcription, which produces single-stranded mRNA, which uses uracil in place of thiamine. Next step is translation, in which the RNA becomes a protein, which then can act as structural units or enzymes.

DNA derives from nucleic acids. They store genetic information and transfer energy. DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and they float around in prokaryotic cells. Covalent linkage bond the DNA molecules together between the phosphate and sugar groups to create a polynucleotide. Two of the polynucleotides are twisted to create the shape of a double helix.

DNA is also found in genes. 15.disaccharide- The result of when a dehydration reaction connects two monosaccharides. 16.double helix-

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule found in all forms of life that is passed down from parents to offspring. What makes each DNA unique is the chemical makeup of the molecule sometimes referred to as the “blueprint of life.” (BIO). DNA is made up of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, a phosphate and a base pair. About six million nucleotide base pairs make up DNA in each cell.

The biochemistry is very similar through all organisms with each containing DNA made from adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. First, the DNA is transcribed into mRNA. That specific RNA is then converted into an amino acid sequence by ribosomal RNA. The amino acid code makes up a polymer that ultimately becomes the protein that constructs the organism’s distinctiveness. That is how the given organisms establish their physiognomies.

INTRODUCTION Free radicals are naturally produced in the body through normal metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and fats. Other factors known to increase free radicals in our body include chronic diseases, smoking, environmental poisons, alcohol and ionizing radiation. Overproduction of free radicals can result in oxidative stress, a deleterious process that damages the cell structure. Antioxidants are chemical compounds that can bind to free oxygen radicals preventing these radicals from damaging healthy cells whereas pro-antioxidant act indirectly either by modulation of direct agents or by regulation of the biosynthesis of antioxidant proteins.

1a. Review: Describe three main differences between RNA and DNA. The three main differences between RNA and DNA are as follows: RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, which DNA has, RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded, and RNA uses uracil instead of thymine. 1b.

Single Stranded C.) Circular From the choices I am given, I can safely eliminate choice c. I am then left with choice A and choice B. From studying the material, it is easy to recognize that choice B is the wrong answer because DNA is never single stranded and always likes to pair up. Which leaves the correct answer choice A. Through the process of elimination and recognition, I was able to get to the correct answer.

The nucleus is generally in the center of a cell. A typical cell nucleus is so small that ten thousand could fit on the tip of a needle. One strand of DNA is around 6 feet long. This mean that 6 feet of DNA fits inside the nucleus, which occupies about 10% of a total cell (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus), of a microscopic cell. For this to happen eight separate histone protein subunits attach to the DNA molecule to

The copies is exponential. It copies the template DNA by each cycle. Thus, it is a new strand DNA copied per cycle. Also, it uses reverse and forward primers to copy the template DNA. As the forward copy increases the complimentary region of the DNA while the reverse is trying to lengthen the duplication of our forward primer.

Tertiary structure is the "worldwide" collapsing of a solitary polypeptide chain. A noteworthy main impetus in deciding the tertiary structure of globular proteins is the hydrophobic impact. The polypeptide chain overlap such that the side chains of the non-polar amino acids are "covered up" inside the structure and the side chains of the polar buildups are uncovered on the external surface. Hydrogen holding including bunches from both the peptide spine and the side chains are imperative in balancing out tertiary structure. The tertiary structure of a few proteins is balanced out by disulfide bonds between cysteine

It is never used up in the chemical reaction, however it is recycled and used over and over again. Description Metabolic pathways are controlled by the presence or absence of particular enzymes in the metabolic pathway and also through the regulation of the rate of reaction of key enzymes within the pathway [1]. Each enzyme required for a step in metabolic pathway is a central point of control of the overall metabolic pathway. Without the specific enzyme to catalyze a reaction, the metabolism would be too slow to support life and the pathway cannot be completed [2].

Part one is an enzyme called CAS-9, this is basically a pair of molecular scissors that can cut the two strands of DNA at a specific location in the genome so that bits of DNA can then be added or removed. The second part is a piece of RNA called guide RNA, this includes a small piece of pre-designed RNA sequence located within a longer RNA strand. The strand part binds to DNA and the pre-designed sequence ‘guides’ Cas9 to the right part of the genome. This makes sure that the Cas9 enzyme cuts at the right point in the genome. The guide RNA is designed to find and bind to a specific sequence in the DNA.

There are two types of vitamins: water soluble and fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins include vitaminsB1, B2, B3, B6, B12, vitamin C, biotin and folate. They are not stored in large amounts in the body, andany extra is lost through your urine says the Dietitians of Canada web page.Vitamin B1 helps with energy production in the body. Vitamin B2 helps with energy production in thebody. Vitamin B3 helps your body to use protein, fat and carbohydrate to make energy and helpsenzymes work right. Biotin allows your body to use protein, fat and carbohydrate from food. Vitamin B6helps your body to make and use protein and glycogen and helps form hemoglobin which carries oxygenin your blood. Vitamin B12 works with the vitamin folate to make DNA and

The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.