CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS & METHODS
2.1 MATERIALS
The leaves from Vitex negundo (Family: Lamiaceae) were collected from agricultural field located at Tiruchirappalli. Epirubicin Gift Sample received from Venus Medicine Research Centre, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. Hydrochloroauric acid (HAuCl4), Folic acid, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (USA). Arabic gum was obtained from
SD Fine-Chem Limited, Mumbai (India). A549 cell lines were obtained from National Center for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, (India). Millipore milli Q water was used for all the experiments.
2.2 CALIBRATION CURVE OF EPIRUBICIN IN PHOSPHATE BUFFER pH 7.4
100mg of drug was weighed and dissolved in 100 ml distilled water (stock). 1 ml of resulting solution was taken and dilute with 100 ml with phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Further, 1ml, 2ml, 3ml, 4ml & 5ml was taken from above diluted solution and dilute it to 10 ml with phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The absorbance of resulting solution was measured at 480 nm. The absorbance values were graphically represented in Figure.
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The extract was filtered (vacuum filter) and stored at 4°C for further experiments.
2.4 GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GNPs USING LEAF
The absorbance and the maximum wavelength of all eight standard solutions were determined using the same spectrophotometer in this section. First, approximately 3 mL of each solution was added into a cuvette using a plastic pipette. The solution was added until the level reached the frosty part of the cuvette and any bubbles were dislodged by gently tapping the cuvette against a hard surface. Then, a Kimwipe was used to clean the exterior of the cuvette. Once cleaned, the cuvette was transported by only holding the top edges.
The purpose of this lab is to observe the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium metal. When the substances are reacted over water, the products produced are a salt in aqueous solution and a gas. While the salt remains in the water as part of a solution, the gas produced will float to the top. Though water vapor pressure will affect the pressure of the gas in the eudiometer, it is possible to apply Dalton’s law of partial pursues to find the dry pressure of the gas. When the dry pressure is determined, the volume of the gas at STP can then be determined and what the experimental volume of one mole of the gas would be at STP.
Record the amount of absorbance by converting transmittance every 5 minutes for a total of 20 minutes. Repeat all of these steps for the cantaloupe, banana, replacing the blank each time to recalibrate the spectrophotometer. After recording all the percent transmittance value, the data was then converted into absorbance value by using the absorbance conversion table. The information was placed on a plotted graph
Pure ASA crystals are isolated from the solution with a Hirsch Funnel that was used with a filter. The melting point of the pure ASA crystals were calculated in order to calculate of absorbance. Iron (III) salicylate dianion must contain the acidified solution Fe3+ in order to measure the absorbance values. The level of the impurity can
The results do not support the hypothesis that a higher surface area to volume ratio would result in sulphuric acid being diffused into the agar cubes in the shortest amount of time. This is evident in the results as the exact opposite to what was predicted occurred. Instead of the smallest cube with the largest surface area to volume ratio of 1cm3 having the quickest diffusion rate, it conversely took the longest at 0.092 cm3 per second, whilst the 2cm3 cube with 0.0384 cm3 per second took the least amount of time. This directly refutes the hypothesis. There was also no consistent trend evident in the results.
Propylene Glycol Propylene Glycol is found in antifreeze, it is a humectant which means it is hydrating but is also a skin irritant. It is widely found in skin care products such as body washes, deodorants, shampoo, conditioner and liquid for e-cigarettes. This is because it is cheaper for companies to add this to their products rather than using botanical ingredients. By adding Propylene Glycol it prevents the product from spoiling in hot and cold temperature and helps products to sink into the skin. Although Propylene Glycolic can work into the blood stream.
But how is absorbance determined?^1 UV-Visible spectroscopy utilizes a light
CLAIRE MUNTING 29/01/2018 Criterion C EFFECTS OF SURFACE AREA OF CALCIUM CARBONATE UPON RATE OF REACTION Calcium Carbonate Chips 1 Introduction: Within the current investigation, the effects of the surface area of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) in combination with Hydrochloric acid (HCl) upon its rate of reaction. CaCO3, commonly referred to as limestone, is an organic substance and is, in a sense, the crystallised “carbonic salt” of the element, calcium2. In addition to being a salt, the pH level of Calcium Carbonate is 9.91, and it is therefore, a basic substance, due to the fact that it is comprised of a pH level higher than 7, which is neutral3. HCl, however, is the bodily acid found in the stomach of human beings.
Use these results to determine the product concentration, using Beer-Lambert’s Law: A= ɛCl (where A is the absorbance, ɛ is the molar absorptivity, C is the product concentration and l is the length of solution that the light passes through). Calculate the product concentrations at every minute for 10 minutes for all 7 of the test tubes using Beer-Lambert’s Law. Plot a graph of product concentration vs. time and then use the gradients of the 7 test tubes to determine the velocities of the reaction. After calculating the velocities, plot a Michaelis-Menten graph of velocity vs. substrate concentration.
We began testing with the 1:5 solution and that maximum absorbance value seen was beneath one, and because the lesser ratios would have less product, we knew that all of our solutions would fit in the range of .1 to 1
Ali Atwi : Internal assesment – calculating of the concentration of ethanoic acid in vinegar AIM : To calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid CH3COOH in vinegar using stoichiometric equations, ( Yamaha brand ) Introduction : I personally like to add a little bit of vinegar on my food because it makes it taste better, yet I know that vinegar contains acid, and I also know the consequences of highly concentrated acid intake, like severe itching and stomach ache, vomiting. Venigar contains a small percentage of ethanoic acid Ch3COOH. This practical aims to find out the concentration of the of the vinegar against a standard solution of sodium hydroxide soloution of concentration 0.1 mol dm3 through acid-base titration, the label on the bottle says 6%.
Aim: To find out the relationship between the greater concentration of sodium thiosulfate when mixed with hydrochloric acid and the time it takes for the reaction (the time it takes for the solution to turn cloudy) to take place and to show the effect on the rate of reaction when the concentration of one of the reactants change. Introduction: The theory of this experiment is that sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid reach together to produce sulfur as one of its products. Sulfur is a yellow precipitate so, the solution will turn to yellow color while the reaction is occurring and it will continue until it will slowly turn completely opaque. The reaction of the experiment happens with this formula: “Na2 S2 O3 + HCL =
Acids are proton donors in chemical reactions which increase the number of hydrogen ions in a solution while bases are proton acceptors in reactions which reduce the number of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore, an acidic solution has more hydrogen ions than a basic solution; and basic solution has more hydroxide ions than an acidic solution. Acid substances taste sour. They have a pH lower than 7 and turns blue litmus paper into red. Meanwhile, bases are slippery and taste bitter.
AIM To design an investigation to study the kinetics of a reaction of your choice RESEARCH QUESTION With respect to hydrochloric acid (HCl), what is the order of reaction in the reaction between HCl and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) determined by changing the concentration of HCl and measuring the volume of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) collected in 30 seconds whilst keeping the mass of the powdered CaCO3 constant and the temperature of the reaction system at 25oC? BACKGROUND INFORMATION Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a chemical compound that is commonly found in rocks such as chalk, limestone, marble and travertine in all parts of the world. It also used as a form of medicine as a dietary supplement for a person with insufficient calcium intake because calcium is needed by the body for healthy bones, muscles, nervous system, and heart. CaCO3 is also used as an antacid to relieve
Introduction The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment.