Louis Chah Leung-Yung Analysis

Louis Cha Leung-yung (born in 1924), better known by his pen name Jin Yong, is a modern Chinese-language novelist. His fiction, the wuxia genre, has a widespread in Chinese-speaking areas. He is considered as one of the finest wuxia writers ever. Jia Pingwa (born in 1952) is a Chinese novelist and short story writer. His novels include Shang State, White Nights , and the autobiographical I am a Farmer. His most famous novel is Shaanxi Opera, which won the Mao Dun Literature Prize. Bei Dao (born in 1949) is the most notable representative of the Misty Poets, a group of Chinese poets who reacted against the restrictions of the Cultural Revolution. He was elected an honorary member of The American Academy of Arts and Letters. Wang Anyi

The genre began in the 19th century and flowered in the 20th with such authors as Sui Sin Far, Frank Chin, Maxine Hong Kingston, and Amy Tan. Chinese American literature deals with many topics and themes. A common topic is the challenges, both inner and outer, of assimilation in mainstream, white American society by Chinese Americans. Another common theme is that of interaction between generations, particularly older, Chinese-born and younger, American-born generations. Questions of identity and gender are often dealt with as well. Race, gender and culture play crucial roles in shaping the power dynamics of certain social interactions. Because of this fact, a growing body of the literature on layering has queried the impact of racial, gender and cultural differences. Chinese American Literature since the 1850s by Xiao-huang Yin traces the origins and development of the extensive and largely neglected body of literature written in English and in Chinese, assessing its themes and style and placing it in a broad social and historical context, a much-needed introduction and guide to the field, shows how change and continuity in the Chinese American experience are reflected in the writings of immigrants from China and their descendants in the United

Chinese immigrants in the 19th century worked as labourers, they also worked as labourers in the mining industry, and suffered racial discrimination at every level of society. While industrial employers were eager to get this new and cheap labor, the ordinary white public was stirred to anger by the presence of this "yellow peril". Despite the provisions for equal treatment of Chinese immigrants in the 1868 Burlingame Treaty, political and labor organizations rallied against the immigration of what they regarded as a degraded race and "cheap Chinese labor". Newspapers condemned the policies of employers, and even church leaders denounced the entrance of these aliens into what was regarded as a land for whites only. So hostile was the opposition that in 1882 the United States Congress eventually passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prohibited immigration from China for the next ten years. This law was then extended by the Geary Act in 1892. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the only U.S. law ever to prevent immigration and naturalization on the basis of race. These laws not only prevented new immigration but also brought additional suffering as they prevented the reunion of the families of thousands of Chinese men already living in the United States (that is, men who had left China without their wives and