Sewage Treatment Research Paper

Student name: Elishama Joseph Eksteen.

Student number: 212020668

Index

1. Introduction to basic principles of water and waste water treatment for a food based industrial city like Potchefstroom.

2. The goal of sewage treatment.

3. Different stages of treatment.

3.1. Preliminary Treatment (screening)
3.2. Primary Treatment
3.3. Secondary Treatment
3.3.1. The fixed film system.
3.3.2. Suspended Film Systems.
3.3.3. Lagoon Systems.

3.4. Tertiary treatment (disinfection)
3.4.1. Chlorination
3.4.2. Ultraviolet (UV)
3.4.3. Ozonation

3.5. Sludges treatment.
3.6. Advanced Treatment.

4. Natural Hydrological cycle and human generated water/waste water cycle.

4.1. Introduction.
4.2. Hydrological Cycle.
4.3.

Advanced Treatment.

Advanced treatment is necessary for some treatment systems due to high nutrients left in wastewater. Chemicals are sometimes added during the treatment process to help the removal of phosphorus or nitrogen. Air stripping for ammonia removal and coagulant addition for phosphorus removal are examples of nutrient removal.

3.6. Sludges treatment:

Untreated sludges have a water content of 97 %. Sludges generated through the sewage treatment process is unavoidable. Primary sludge is the material that settles out during the primary treatment process and often haves a strong odor.This sludge requires treatment pri or to disposal. Secondary sludge is that extra microorganisms extracted from the biological treatment processes.

The goals of sludge treatment are:
- To stabilize the sludge and reduce odors,
- Remove some of the water and reduce volume,
- Decompose some of the organic matter and reduce volume,
- Kill disease-causing organisms and
- Disinfect the

Human generated water and wastewater cycles start by taking water from the natural hydrological cycle. It is distributed through the different human demand categories (industrial, residential, agricultural, ext) After use it enters the sewer system as wastewater and needs to be treated(as discussed in above pages) before it gets dispersed as effluent back to nature. The amount of water to satisfy the human demand and the amount of waste water discharged does not change that mutch. Give or take leakage or seapage in the water and wastewater system. This will always tie back into the natural hydrological cycle and principles thereof. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that water from the human cycle is restored as close as posable to its natural state before returned to nature, to protect natural ecosystems and everything depending there off. Rainfall in a city also enters the human generated wastewater cycle due to the contamination thereof while runoff takes