Water plays a great role in our body system. Different contaminants are released to the wastewater with the rapid industrialization of human society, including heavy metal ions, which are serious harmful to human health. Among all water contaminations, heavy metal ions such as Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Hg2+ have high toxic properties, can cause severe health problems in animals and human beings [70]. In addition, industries have grown in large numbers throughout the world such as mining activities, refining, battery manufacture, paint production, chemical industries, dye industries and pharmaceutical industries etc. Among these, industries are creating a wide spread of pollution to the environment, especially the increased levels of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, cobalt and mercury in to the soil and aquatic system; these heavy metals have highly hazardous and toxic nature which can affect the human health and living things. Generally, living systems near the industries would consume such heavy metal toxicity in …show more content…
The main limitations of synthetic organic ion-exchangers are their less radiation and thermal stability. Ion-exchange has been widely used to treat heavy metal-containing wastewater and most of the ion-exchangers currently being used are commercially mass-produced organic resins. Analysis of trace elements present as complex mixtures in natural and waste water in biological, industrial, and geological samples. The rapid development of electronic instrumentation has created powerful analytical tools but these can give erroneous results because of the presence of matrix elements, to obtain reliable data, the best course is to separate the analytes of interest from the matrix constituents and to determine them in the isolated state. Thus, preconcentration and separation by batch equilibration is mandatory, particularly when analytes are present at trace levels [74,
Nucleophilic Substitution: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane and Alkyl Halide Classification Tests Introduction This procedure was undertaken in order to convert a primary alcohol, 1-butanol, into a primary alkyl halide, 1-bromobutane. This was done using hydrobromic acid. Additionally, tests were performed to assess the degree of the alkyl halide: primary, secondary or tertiary.
AP Chemistry Semester 1 Final Review 2016 Basics of Chemistry: Name the following compounds BO3 H2S NaOH OF8 PCl6 HNO3 HgNO2 Write the formula for each compound Pentaboron triselenide Sulfuric Acid Carbon Monoxide Lithium Chloride How many moles are in 58.6 g of AgNO3 How many grams are in 2.5 moles of Cl2
The setup for the cation exchange chromatography is shown in Figure 3. This was done by plugging the bottom of a burette with a small amount of glass wool. The wool was lightly packed using a thermometer. Approximately 5 mL of Dowex 50 cation exchange resin was obtained in a small beaker, and the resin was mixed with 5 mL of pH 3 citrate buffer. This mixture was poured into the burette with the stopcock closed.
For this titration, one drop of EBT indicator, NH4Cl buffer, and the water sample were added to each well in a 1x12 well strip. Once each well was filled, the titration proceeded: one drop of the 2 x 10-4 M EDTA was added to the first well, two drops to the second, three drops to the third, etc. Once one of the wells turned a blue color, that particular well represented the point at which there was excess EDTA and all of the Mg2+ combined with the EDTA to remove the ions from solution and form the chelate. Following the test, the equation MEDTAVEDTA= MCa2+VCa2+ was used to calculate the Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations.1 Similar to the previous AA test, the water sample was diluted with a 1:1 ratio along with the Atherton and Virginia samples.
However, there are many unknown compounds present in water, which could pose health risks if not removed. Identification of unknown compounds is based on comparison of the mass spectra of the peaks in the sample with mass libraries or interpretation of the fragmentation. The identification of water contaminations is interesting and similar to the Unknown White Compound lab by making comparisons to other compounds to help identify the
Chem 111 Post-Exam Self-Assessment See the instructions in Canvas for more details about how this assignment will be scored. 1. Fill in these blanks: Exam Number __3__ Your Predicted Exam Score _75_% Actual Exam Score _77.67% Current Course Score _
Science. The most magical place in school. It was filled with so much chemistry. I absolutely hated it. The teacher was doing everything he could to make my life hell, and he succeeded many times.
The purpose of this experiment was to learn about the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions that take place on benzene, and how the presence of substituents in the ring affect the orientation of the incoming electrophile. Using acetanilide, as the starting material, glacial acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid were mixed and stirred to produce p-nitroacetanilide. In a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask, 3.305 g of acetanilide were allowed to mix with 5.0 mL of glacial acetic acid. This mixture was warmed in a hot plate with constantly stirring at a lukewarm temperature so as to avoid excess heating. If this happens, the mixture boils and it would be necessary to start the experiment all over again.
In the talk, “Adventures in Organic Chemistry – Over Three Decades of Synthetic Organic Chemistry” presented by Dr. Chris Condeiu, he tried to relate the industry of organic chemistry to a students’ perspective. Three major points were drawn out through the talk. The first was the perspective of how capitalism drives the industry and the mechanism of doxycycline was formed. With an overview of his talk, the expectation was that a deeper understanding of how pharmaceutical drugs’ mechanisms are formed; instead, an insight of how the pharmaceutical industry can make one prosperous or just benefit the industry as a whole. Starting with the point about how capitalism governs the pharmaceutical industry, this relates to society in general.
Chem 51 LB Experiment 3 Report Scaffold: Bromination of Trans-Cinnamic Acid 1. The goal of this experiment was to perform a halogenation reaction through the addition of two bromides from pyridinium tribromide. This was accomplished by reacting trans-cinnamic acid with pyridinium tribromide. After the reaction took place, melting point analysis was conducted to find out the stereochemistry of the product, which could either be syn-addition, anti-addition, or syn + anti-addition. 2.
Arsenic comes in several forms which are potentially poisonous. Many water supplies which are located near mines have a higher risk of being contaminated by arsenic poisons. Arsenic can disrupt the metabolic levels in the human body. Lead is another chemical which is a great concern to the human health. Although lead is a natural element in the environment, most of the pollutants of lead come from human activities.
Experiment 2 Report Scaffold (Substitution Reactions, Purification, and Identification) Purpose/Introduction 1. A Sn2 reaction was conducted; this involved benzyl bromide, sodium hydroxide, an unknown compound and ethanol through reflux technique, mel-temp recordings, recrystallization, and analysis of TLC plates. 2. There was one unknown compound in the reaction that was later discovered after a series of techniques described above.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions can be defined as reactions in which one nucleophile replaces another attached to a saturated carbon atom. A SN2 reaction occurs as a one step process also referred to as a second order due to its rate and is favored by 1°. For these reactions the intermediate is called pentavalent carbon because although there should never be more than four bonds on carbon, the nucleophile attacks as the same time the leaving group makes its way out causing the intermediate to have a broken bond with the leaving group while it forms a bond with the nucleophile. This is a bimolecular reaction, making the rate of a SN2 reaction dependent on the concentration of both the nucleophile and the substrate. The NaI acetone is a polar
For this, 25 mL of pH 4 and pH 7 buffers were taken in 50 mL or 100 mL beakers. The buffer solutions were saved in case the electrode needed to be re-calibrated later on. The potassium acid phthalate solution was titrated with 0.1 M NaOH.
In this essay, the discussion will point to Nile contamination as a controversial issue and highlight some health problems which occur as consequences of using polluted water in Egypt. Likewise, the essay will raise some scientific methods to determine the percentage of heavy metal in water supported by example. Then it will suggest some chemical technical solutions to reduce the percentage of heavy metals in Nile and reuse it again for many purposes.