Jacob Betts
CRJ #409 – Domestic Terrorism
Dr. den Heyer
January 29th, 2023
Arizona State University With the United States of America being the cultural melting pot that it is, it should come as no surprise that tensions will happen between all these ethnic and cultural groups. Although, this is very unfortunate, it is reality. Sometimes, these tensions and differences escalate to something more sinister. This where hate crimes come in.
There are numerous definitions on what a hate crime is and what a hate crime is not. In order to find the best definition, one would likely turn to the definition that is used in the United States legal system. According to United States Department of Justice the term hate crime refers
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According to an article called The Psychology of Hate Crimes they state “hate crimes are an extreme form of prejudice, made more likely in the context of social and political change. Public and political discourse may devalue members of unfamiliar groups, and offenders may feel that their livelihood or way of life is threatened by demographic changes. Offenders may not be motivated by hate, but rather by fear, ignorance, or anger. These can lead to dehumanization of unfamiliar groups and to targeted aggression” (APA, 2017). In simpler terms, this means that one may commit a hate crime because they do not fully understand another’s ideology. This paired with fear and / or anger is an extremely dangerous …show more content…
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Crime Data Explorer, there were 7,303 total hate crimes in the US in 2021. Out of those 7,303 reported hate crimes, 4,496 involved biases towards race / ethnicity / ancestry. Out of those 4,496 reported hate crimes targeted towards race / ethnicity / ethnicity, 2,233 of these crimes were targeted towards blacks or African Americans. (FBI, 2022). Breaking down those numbers will reveal that nearly half of hate crimes that were categorized as race / ethnicity / ancestry were targeted towards blacks or African Americans. Which is insane to think about. Especially when you realize that this specific classification of people only makes up 13% of the total population of the United States.
While exploring the victims’ dataset, it should be natural for one to explore what the offender is thinking. While it is nearly impossible to find out and record what every single hate crime offender is going through mentally, what can be categorized is their physical characteristics. For example, something like race can be. Out of the 6,561 offenders reported 3,659 were considered white. (FBI, 2022). This can be explained fairly easily as a majority of the country is white or Caucasian. So, proportionately, this is not too
A hate crime is defined as a “ crime committed because
Most people tend to turn a blind eye to fact because they believe stereotype is a quick and easy way to distinguish between ethnicities. According to Alexander, “racial caste systems do not require racial hostility or overt bigotry to thrive” (14). Even though the overt racial hostility of the Jim Crow era no longer really exists, the indifference, apathy, and denial of the American people regarding the treatment of the black members of their country are absolutely sufficient to prop up the system of marginalization. People find it easy to believe in stereotypes rather than take the time to investigate their validity, and they content themselves by thinking that people are in jail because they did something legitimately wrong. They ignore that statistics that trouble them and continue on in a nonchalant approach, and of course it is a very dangerous fashion.
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 1998 there were over 7,755 hate crime incidents reported in America, which stemmed from people’s biased views towards people of different races (46.9%), sexual orientations (20.8%), religions (19.8%), ethnicity and (11.6%), and people with disabilities (0.9%). All 7,755 of the crimes were more than just violence; they were violence driven by hatred. They were hate crimes. The FBI defines a hate crime as a “a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias.” This is certainly the case of the murder of Matthew Shepard in Laramie Wyoming.
For people to show up and make their support present. One student spoke about the fear that marginalized groups deal with everyday due to recent events involving hate. She said acts like these must stop. In Barbara Perry’s article, Hate Crimes, she talks about America’s color-coded society. She explains that whiteness has been constructed to be the normal American standard.
Even though the percentage of hate crimes decreased after 9/11 for other racial groups it continued to grow for Arab/Muslim Americans. “In Race and Arab Americans Before and After 9/11: From Invisible Citizens to Visible Subjects” Amira Jarmakani states, “situating the events of September 11, 2001, as a "turning point" rather than a starting point of Arab and Muslim American
-Hate crimes, are not justifiable the reason why is because they’re, ‘bias.’ The definition of a ‘Hate Crime’ on page 604 is defined as “a bias related crime, committed against an individual that is motivated by bias regarding race, color, religion, disability, and sexual orientation.” Committing a crime just because of the color, sexuality, religion, or disability of a person isn’t justifiable. The reason why it’s not justifiable is because, the person committing the hate crime wouldn’t want someone else, to commit such an act towards themself.
They occur as a result of preconception and obliviousness. Hate crimes is a “lack of understanding about differences among people and their traditions contributes to fear and intolerance. Left unaddressed, these sentiments many often lead to acts of intimidation and ultimately hate-motivated violence”. (“Why Do Hate Crimes Occur?")
I have chosen to document and research African-American Hate Crimes during the eras of 2007 until 2015. With recent cases of Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, Trayvon Martin and the crimes of San Jose University, I believe this research is more than needed. By researching several forms of accurate and up-to-date literature and research findings I will promote and compile the most accurate and efficient research of these factors as possible with the prevalent information found from over 20 different sources, direct and indirect. Subjects will include and will be limited to African Americans between the ages of 15 and 35, Law Enforcement Officials within Southern States v. Northern States, and Parental Figures of those who have lives lost. With approval
“ 55% of robbery arrest in 2012”. Those are all statistics which shows its not a black or white problem its an American problem and shows how the system is developed. “In Louisiana a study found that a person is 97% more likely to be sentenced for death for murdering a white person then a black person”.
“53.1% percent of the hate speech crimes in the last 5 years have been violent and psychical.” (FBI National Press Office) This shows that more than half of the hate crimes have hurt people and might affect them for the rest of their lives. Hate speech is not okay. It hurts people beyond words and causes an unfair balance of power.
Hate crime What distinguishes a hate crime from other crimes is an underlying motivation based on the victim’s group membership. There has been much debate over the constitutionality of hate crime laws and which groups (if any) should be protected by such legislation. Those against hate crime laws argue that it is a violation of First Amendment protections of free, association, and freedom of thought. The Supreme Court confirmed that freedom of thought is implied by the First Amendment in R.A.V. v. St. Paul which those against hate crime laws argue makes such laws unconstitutional.
Hate Crime is a “criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity.” If an African American commits the same crime as an Caucasian it is more likely for the black person to be charged and arrested due to the racial issues we have today. There are many pros and cons towards the issue of racial crime, but hate crime is still a very difficult issue for our country to overcome. In order to overcome the issue of hate crime it would require changing legislation, public and police attitudes.
The definition of a hate crime is referred to as a “a crime, usually violent, motivated by prejudice or intolerance toward an individual’s national origin, ethnicity, color, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, or disability”. "Hate Crime. Hate crime has existed all through history and are most likely going to exist for a while. When some people wakes up in the morning and began to start their day they don 't even think “ Will I be the victim of a hate crime today” or “Is someone going to attack me today for who I love”. Statistic that from from the the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs or (NCAVP), say that their data suggests that 20-25% of lesbian and gay people experience hate crimes within their lifetimes this
Hate crimes exist because individuals or groups commit offenses that may or may not be with criminal intent. Hate crime laws impose tougher penalties on criminals who target people because of their race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or disability. If a criminal assaults a person because that person is Muslim, for an example, the crime would likely be a hate crime. I am opposed to hate crimes against any group of people.
Prejudices and discrimination are the root cause of hate crimes. Hate crimes can be traced back thousands of years and still are prevalent today. The FBI describes hate crimes as “ … criminal offense[s] against a person or