Question1
Public health aims to protect, promote and restore people's health through programmes, services and institutions that emphasize the prevention of disease and the health needs of the entire population. Public Health activities change with advances in technology as well as with changes in social values but its main aims remain the same: to reduce disease, premature death and disability in populations. An example on a public health intervention in South Africa is free primary health care which includes the provision of chronic medications for diseases such as HIV and diabetes. Government also offers vaccinations in the young to prevent debilitating diseases from developing.
A cohort study is an analytical study of the natural progression
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It enables comparability between different populations. Sampling helps determine the validity and the reliability of findings. Sampling saves resources and spares time.
In simple random sampling each person has an equal chance of being selected.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING Each person has equal chance of being selected Unit of study = individual Suitable where population is relatively small and where sampling frame is complete and up-to-date Procedure: – Obtain a complete sampling frame – Give each case a unique number, starting at one – Decide on the required sample size – Draw numbers from hat; use software – Select individuals according to numbers
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING Population divided into homogenous subsets called "strata” Within each stratum, use Simple Random sampling (SRS) to select a random sample Ideally there should be little variation of the characteristics of interest within a stratum and a large difference between strata
An outbreak is the occurrence of more than the expected number of cases of a disease over a particular time period, in a specified place and amongst a defined population. There are usually 2 or more cases with an epidemiological
112). The textbook describes the mission of this model as, “…to promote physical and mental health and prevent disease, injury, and disability” (p. 112). Due to the changing concept of public health the model has also changed over time. Furthermore the textbook describes, “…a more positive meaning – the capacity to live fully, which entails maintaining the physical, mental, and social reserves for coping with life’s circumstances in a way that brings satisfaction” (p. 112). Tammy describes her agency, Central City Concern as using the public health model.
The recent issues regarding the health of the public is getting complex. There need to be new and effective ways to promote and protect health and prevention of the disease. The Ontario Public Health Organization assesses and improves the complex population health interventions. It develops new methods and approaches for public health implementation science. Strategic plan 5 Engage our great people and exceptional teams in building a stronger organization.
c. A researcher is planning to analyze the effect of multiple strategies to teach fractions to 6th – graders in Happy Valley School District. She assigns each 6th – grader a number and uses a random number generator to select students for each of her research groups. Ans. Systematic Sampling because she assigns a random nth number to select students for each of her research groups.
Improve Access to Quality Care and Services, 2. Strengthen the Health Workforce, 3. Build Healthy Communities, 4. Improve Health Equity, 5. Strengthen HRSA Program Management and Operations.
Eligibility screenings were provided prior to the study, and those excluded in the study contain the following: Students age >35 years (27%), BMI ≥35 kg/m2 (19%) or < .05 was the significance level set by the researcher. 9. Discussion: a. What do the researchers conclude from the results? (1 point) •
Retrospective cohort studies are much cheaper as the data have already been collected.1 This type of study is the lack of bias because the outcome of current interest was not the original reason for the data to be collected.1 However, because the cohort was originally constructed for another purpose, it is unlikely that all the relevant information will have been rigorously collected. Retrospective cohorts studies have other disadvantages that people with the outcome of interest are more likely to remember certain antecedents or minimize or exaggerate what they now consider being as risk factors (recall bias).1 Sample or population selection and loss to follow-up is a major potential cause of bias.1 Any loss to follow-up can significantly affect the validity of the
Public health has serve under advantage people for several years. According to the article, many public health agencies provide services such as prenatal education and counseling, childhood and adult immunizations, family planning and birth control, chronic disease screening, and diagnosis and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, HIV and AIDS, and tuberculosis. According to the article many public health agencies also offer outreach and support services such as transportation, on-site child care, and home visiting that are designed to encourage appropriate use of these services. I feel that this is important to be able to offer transportation assistance and children care for some of the percipients.
An abundance of research studies aggregates health data of different origin groups such as Hispanics or Asian/Pacific Islanders. The method is used in order to offer a result of a large population that may have multiple subgroups. Therefore, some may argue that aggregating results provides a more feasible process in analyzing a large ethnic
One aspect of public health research method that I learned is that measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. I also learned that the goals and techniques associated with probability samples differ from those of nonprobability samples. If we want to get results that are valid for the whole study population, we should know how to draw a sample in such a way that it is representative of that population. But it is not necessarily that nonprobability samples are not representative of the population. It means that nonprobability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability
This means to say that everyone should have access to good standard health. However this is not the case in public health systems. Their constraints limit the capacity to provide universal health. For instance with HIV, which is the biggest epidemic in South Africa, access to antiretroviral treatment for people who are marginalized, poor and living with HIV becomes difficult. Moreover if these individuals get access to the treatment, because they are poor, they might not have access to a balanced diet which needs to be taken with the pills and this ultimately worsens their health (Sen & Östlin, 2008).
The second goal is to enhance the justice, inequality, and individuals afford the cost of the healthcare coverage. Third goal is to enhance the health-care value and effectiveness all while decreasing careless spending and creating a health-care system that is more liable to a diverse population. Fourth goals is to reinforce the healthcare access whereas creating a long-term transformations in the convenience of preventative health care. The other goals is to develop a strategic investment in everyone’s health, within a growth of the medical preventative care and the public’s investments (Rosenbaum, S.
5 Discussion Questions 2).What is public health to you and what role does public health play in your life? Public health refers to all the formulated methods to preclude diseases, nurture health and perpetuate life amongst the community as whole. World health organization (WHO) is a world’s largest health organization whose main objective is to keep the world population healthy and blooming (Crockett et al., 2003). This organization makes people aware about the need of healthy life in rural areas as well as the areas which are most prone to epidemics.
The farmers and the poor always are unable to get the sufficient health care. Secondly, the problem is the imbalance of illness 's prevention between medical resources. For a long time, prevention approaches are not well implemented, cure light-proof and lack of government investment in public health and public health system is weak. This situation seriously limited the capacity of service and did not achieve the desired benefits of disease prevention
The responsibility of protecting and fulfilling the right to health not only lays with medical profession but also with governments public functionaries. The term health has an inter-relationship with aspects such as the provision of a clean living environment, protection against hazardous working conditions, education about disease prevention and social security
Non-probability Sampling Method: Sampling method that require the conductor to choose a subset of population they are interested in researching. This can be seen from the simulation Ramada did, during the “Grand Hotel Opening” they asked their employees, this includes staffs and management, some people from headquarters and the property owners. These are the people they are interested in and they are the people that Ramada wants to do research on. This sampling method is appropriate because it focuses on the population the researches interested in studying. It is more necessary rather than conducting the research on the customer, they instead focus on their own management to improve their inside quality.