Wittgenstein's Categorisation

Wittgenstein’s analysis. Their work lead up to cognitive model approach to categorisation that sees linguistic categories as kinds of cognitive categories. Number of cognitive sciences studied conceptual categories, some of them being psychology and linguistics. Results of these studies show that categories and human reason in general are very different from the objectivist view.

1.4 Cognitive theory of categorisation

In light of that new approach to categories I will now present an interpretation of modern cognitive linguists known as cognitive theory of categorisation.

“Most of the discussion of categorisation within the philosophical, psychological, and anthropological literature is focused on concrete objects—plants, animals, artefacts,

It is a very important element of this chapter as a clear view on what is considered science will allow me to understand what criteria need to be met in order for a text to be considered scientific and, finally, where the fine line between scientific and unscientific texts lies. The ‘scientific revolution’, which started in the 16th century with Copernicus and ended with Isaac Newton in the 19th century, led to changes in a wide range of areas: thought, belief, social and institutional organisation. As a result there unfolded a new, revolutionary view on science. From this point of view, it is important to consider that the shift in the way of thinking caused by the ‘scientific revolution’ transformed the outlook not only on nature but also on other fields of knowledge. “Nowadays’ it is a commonplace to refer to the period between Copernicus and Newton as the ‘scientific revolution’. Although this phrase was only invented in the mid-twentieth century, it has already become an unquestioned part of the language”. (Hannman 2009: 342) There is a clear distinction between category of ‘science’ and ‘non science”. For example in Oxford English Dictionary term ‘humanities‘ falls into ‘non science’ category .Humanities are the branches of learning that investigate human constructs and concerns as opposed to natural processes and social relations. Is relatively young category. “In June 1833, the British

It was a process that took place over a period of time. “There was no moment of birth, no crisis from which science burst forth. All we can say is that by the time British Association met in 1833, the process was complete and modern science undeniably existed as a younger version of what we have today”. (Hannman 2009: 338). For a very long time ‘scientists’ like Galileo and Newton themselves were not aware of the fact that they create something new. They didn’t know that at some point their work-- philosophy will be defined as something different. In common understanding their work was grounded in philosophical, not ‘scientific’, tradition. It is simply because term ‘science’ didn’t exist yet. Newton’s great work was titled “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”. Newton was a natural philosopher. It was the case until 1833 when this term was displaced by ‘scientists’. His work and theories didn’t change, but the terminology did. New term was better to depict the novelty of practice based on mathematical model and empirical observation. It is important to point out that Newton’s work wasn’t any less scientific before, or more scientific after 1833, it is