1. According to the lectures, how has the thought and practice of Public Administration canged its inception with the Pendleton Act (1883) and Woodrow Wilson’s delineation of a politics-administration dichotomy (1887)? What are some of the paradigms and what were the ocus of these phases?
Public administration and politics are two different leadership positions that require an elaborate definition of each sector’s roles. Public administration majorly deals withthe management of different government sectors and private sectors while politics deals with formulation of a country’s policies. Public Administration and politics have been two main fields that have dominated the country’s major professions although it had been almost in futile to understand and differentiate the two. The assassination of president James Garfiled gave rise to Pendleton Act in 1883. The Act was drafted ad speered headed by George Hunt Pendleton of Ohio and passed by the Congress.The Act determined the start of appointment on the basis of merit.
The Act
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According to your textbook, what are some of the essential features of ethics in Public Administration? How does these comport with the normative science of public administration?
Public policy in public administration is a selection of strategies and making of informed choices. When public administration policies are made, order and structures are ensured hence coexistence of working systems. The administrators understand their managerial issues and policies to perform their task in the best manner.Public administrative policies have features that need to be looked at.Firstly public administration policy is a goal-oriented that requires public participation and public authorities. Secondly, public administration policy is set to solve issues that revolve around the public. Thirdly, public administration policy consists of a set of patterns of actions over a time. Administration policies change with time to curb new challenges that
1. The Pendleton Civil Service Act: A. Created a merit system in order to get a many government jobs through competitive exams, would be the correct answer because my research revealed that the Pendleton Civil Service Act established that federal government jobs would be based on merit and not political affiliation. Government employees could then only be selected by taking competitive exams. B. Was signed into law by James Garfield could not be the correct answer because Garfield was not even alive when the Pendleton Civil Service Act was signed into law.
President Garfield’s assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Act because when he became president, he did not undergo patronage for a man named Charles Guiteau, who assassinated him because of that. The service act eliminated patronage after his death acted as a reason to rid of patronage and its affect on government jobs.
It was the first law specifically intended to begin the professional handling of the civil service. The creation of the first Civil Service Commission was the beginning of the end of the spoils system, or internal corruption of favors for promotion. The Pendleton Act called for a merit system for promotions within the service and ensured steadiness in federal employees from one administration to the next. In another area, Arthur signed the first Federal immigration law that excluded the poor, criminals, and the mentally ill. Congress also passed a Chinese Exclusion Act that would have made Chinese immigration illegal for twenty years and restricted citizenship to Chinese.
The Republican’s philosophy was as if they were staring through a looking-glass perceiving the Federalists polices as their attempt to lay the foundation of a monarchical government. From my point of view, when taking into consideration on how our government is structured, provided by a system of checks and balances as well as two political parties all assist in having an alliance alternatively to division. Additionally this suppresses the loyalty on extreme stances which help to accommodate in the compromise on any conflicting points of view. During George Washington’s presidency, some of the national leaders began to have conflicting philosophical principles about how the government needed to conduct its business. It caused some members
Base jumping, hang gliding and wind surfing may be a few activities that come to mind when thinking of ‘extreme sports,’ but what about leadership? Can leadership be an ‘extreme’ sport? Former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Popeye’s Louisiana Kitchen, Cheryl Bachelder, believes so. On her personal website she posted a personal quote, “Leadership is an extreme sport requiring both courage and humility” (Bachelder, 2018). Cheryl Bachelder is a visionary and ethical leader who displayed ‘extreme leadership’ while leading Popeye’s from underperforming in 2007, to exceeding employee and stakeholder expectations in 2017.
Another problem plagued America around the same time; political patronage. The Pendleton Act partly destroyed this; it was enacted after President Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau, A crazy man who thought he deserved a government job. The Pendleton Act sought to give government jobs based on Merit (Civil Service
Impersonality are when persons are treated on “merit” principles; all “clients” served are treated equally, according to rules, and records are maintained. The complexity of public policy problems also contributes to bureaucratic independence. A few factors are specialized units, delegated authority and discretionary authority. Specialized units are often assigned responsibility to create or oversee policy that deals with their specialized area(s). Delegated authority complicates public policy problems because Congress and the president cannot handle all issues.
Throughout the era between the years 1790 to 1840, the United States withstood numerous involvements in their political system by both factors within their country and as far as an ocean away. These various influences immensely contributed to moulding and creating America’s government system. The political affairs that occurred within the United States were in one way or another connected to the unsolved issues of political parties within the country. For example, after the War of 1812, Jackson introduced what is known as the Spoils System, which specifically targeted the political supporters of the Democrats and rewarded campaign contributors with positions in public office rather than to those who were qualified for the position.
Ethics and Morals Ethical leaders must possess strong ethical and moral values. People often confuse ethics with morals, and while they have different meanings many researchers agree that one cannot exist without the other. Ethics can be defined as a code of behavior in reference to a group, for example in the law enforcement police officers have the Code of Ethics, they can be viewed as principles, standards or a guideline of how police officers should behave and act. Groups can vary from law
Bureaucracy, Almost everyone deals with bureaucracy every day in one way or another and even if you do not personally deal with a bureaucratic official today your activities are being monitored by a bureaucratic system somewhere, but despite the fact, most people still have very little knowledge of how it works and its significance. To understand bureaucracy more it is a collection or group of official who engage in administrative and policy making duties. It is a system of government or business that has many complicated rules and ways of doing things. Bureaucracy can be considered to be a particular case of rationalization, or rationalization applied to human organization. . It’s difficult for students to engage into this topic, because they are actually living inside a bureaucracy.
Ethics can be explained as principles a society develops to guide decisions about what is right and wrong. Ethical principles that society has are influenced by religion, history, and experience of the people in the group. Meaning that ethics is based on guidelines we have learned while growing up, that helps us differentiates what is right and what is wrong. For example, some people think health care should be a human right as others think it should only be available to those who can pay for it. Each group of people is guided by the principles they believe in.
The term bureaucracy refers to a particular type and technique of administrative organization. In the 1930s Max Weber, a German sociologist and political economist; he wanted to find out why people in organizations obeyed those in authority above them. He wrote a validation that described the bureaucratic form as being the ultimate way of organizing government agencies. Weber’s study of business was centered on understanding the need for stability and consistency in achieving competence.
Governmental regulations and policy are the foundation for which industries and businesses operate. These directives not only impact
Ethical decision-making process are influenced by both individual and environmental characteristics, as well as an interaction with the cognitive process (Cooper, 2012). For every public official whose loyalty is to himself, his organization, and the public, the ethical decision-making process is dynamic, it is not constant, it involves a process of recognizing the problem and moving through the course of action towards finding a possible solution. It is contingent upon several factors. There is no one-size-fits-all for every situation, but the course of action is determined by the individual and environmental factors involved and the ethical character the public official has built over time. Ethical Decision Making
‘New Public Management is an alternative to the traditional public administration’. Discuss. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT