CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The most of the life, people will be earning and spending money. Rarely, though, will your current money income is exactly balance with your consumption desires. When current income exceeds current consumption desires, people tend to save the excess. They can do any of several things with these savings. One possibility is to put the money under a mattress or bury it in the backyard until some future time when consumption desires exceed current income. When they retrieve their savings from the mattress or backyard, they have the same amount they saved. Another possibility is that they can give up the immediate possession of these savings for a future larger amount of money that will be available for future
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A pension fund as the investor should consider three aspects within financial instruments that would be choosen as the portfolio elements. The three aspects are risk, return, and relation between risk and return. Pension fund’s risk will be smaller than security risk by making portfolio. Investment portfolio vulnerable with market risk, either from interest rate risk, exchange rate risk, or equity risk, particularly related with fluctutation of stocks price, obligations, and government securities. The risk of an investment could be minimized by combinig some assets in a portfolio (Markowitz, 1952). The researcher analyze the stock portfolio of YADAPENBI in order to evaluate wether its stock portfolio is optimal or not. YADAPENBI owns stock at PT. Mekar Prana Indah, PT. Binakarsa Swadaya, PT. Pemeringkat Efek Indonesia and PT. Bidakara Taruma Sakti. To analyze the stock portfolio, the researcher using Markowitz Theory, Mean-Variance Efficiency. MV efficiecy is the classic paradigm of modern finance for efficiently allocating capital among risky assets. Given estimates of expected reurnm standard deviation or variance and correlation rate of return for a set of assets. MV efficiency provides the investor with an exact prescription for optumal allocation of capital. With Markowitz efficient frontier, it represents all efficient portfolios …show more content…
Is the stock portfolio of Yayasan Dana Pensiun Bank Indonesia optimal?
1.3 Scope and Limitations
This research will analyze the stock portfolio of Yayasan Dana Pensiun Bank Indonesia at 2011 – 2014. The stock which will be analyzed if they are listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data used in research is in period at January 2, 2011 – December 31, 2014. The method will be used is Markowitz theory.
1.4 Aims of Research
1. To ascertain the risk and return from each stocks in Yayasan Dana Pensiun Bank Indonesia portfolio
2. To evaluate the stock portfolio managed by Yayasan Dana Pensiun Bank Indonesia
3. To determine the optimal stock portfolio
1.5 Research Contribution
This research improves knowledge in capital market especially in investment and constructing an optimal portfolio.
The result of this research could give contribution to Pension Funds of Bank of Indonesia in strategies decision making and management of investment portfolio for the next period.
The result of this reasearch could be used by other pension funds in considering the strategy and managing the investment portfolio to attain the optimal
Pension Plans By Tay’veun Glenn Introduction Pensions are known as a retirement account that most employers maintain to give employees who have stayed with the company a payout upon retirement. Most employers give recipients of pension accounts a choice between a lump-sum payment or monthly annuity payments that are based upon the amount of time that the employee worked and their final salary prior to leaving the company. There are different types of pension plans and the use of each one is dependent on the employer. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board and Financial Accounting Standards Board both have to report pensions and have designated different ways to account for it.
Make sure that this is the correct type of investment option for the individual’s current situation. After retirement, many individual’s tax situation will change, and the tax rate for withdrawals will be determined based off of their current taxable
The quantity of money households want to hold may vary according to their income and the interest rate; different average quantities of money held can satisfy their transactions and precautionary demands for money. To see why, suppose a household earns and spends $3,000 per month. It spends an equal amount of money each day. For a month with 30 days, that is $100 per day. One way the household could manage this spending would be to leave the money in a checking account, which we will assume pays zero interest.
Singer’s formula states that “whatever money you’re spending on luxuries, not necessities, should be given away” (Singer 16). But do luxuries and necessities mean the same thing to different people? Is saving money for your children’s college fund a luxury or necessity? What about wanting to save money in case a medical emergency comes up, or you are laid off from your job? Giving away 70% of your earnings annually is extreme and too demanding as people’s motivation to earn and save money is so that they can live a comfortable life.
Jagdambay exports decided to issue additional common stock, and 2. An investor purchased 1,000 shares of this common stock from the underwriter (Merrill Lynch). 4. Advise the CFO on three primary ways in which capital may be transferred between savers and borrowers in Jagdambay Exports. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each within the organization.
Nevertheless, the interviewees frown upon being labelled as someone that values luxury over reasonable spending. Hence, they expressed their emphasis on the importance of needs over wants, and that practicality should triumph over extravagance. They see “limited” consumption as a form of self discipline, where excessive spending was only justifiable when it is spent on the family and invested in the children. If
At the end of the year, the $20 is now $240 spent on food you could have eaten for cheaper at home. This is the trap that the lizard in our brain causes; it decreases our motivation to save. On the other hand, Chilton provides us with insight that saving, when done right, can be quite simple. If someone were to save only 10%-15% of their gross income, their savings would grow faster and they would have enough to pay for their retired life in the future; paying for the future today. It all starts with self-discipline by using various techniques to let you lizard calm down in order to make rational saving patterns.
A country’s social security system is very important, as it directly relates to the happiness and wellbeing of its citizens. During this time period, Canada’s social security system advanced greatly, specifically with the Canadian Pension Plan and the Medical Care Act. Although an Old Age Pension Act was already introduced in 1927, this program only provided benefits for seniors who had an annual income that was less than $350. With the economic improvement following World War 2, seniors faced the problem of inflation because their pensions were tied to minimum income levels rather than the cost of living. In 1951, Louis St. Laurent fixed this issue by introducing the Old Age Security Act and Old Age Assistance Act, the first pensions that
Many people did not save because they had jobs that paid little, and all the money they made barely made it so that they could pay all the needs they needed to live for. On document 2 (DBQ) it states that “a regular saving of fifteen dollars a month” can help you in the long run, “at the end of twenty
Outline the similarities and differences between the Single Index Model (SIM) and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Justify which of the two models makes a better assessment of return of a security (25 marks). To reduce a firm’s specific risk or residual risk a portfolio should have negative covariance or rather it should have no variance at all, for large portfolios however calculating variance requires greater and sophisticated computing power. As such, Index models greatly decrease the computations needed to calculate the optimum portfolio. The use of such Index models also eliminates illogical or rather absurd results.
A recommended sample for investment policy and its requirement is summarized in below
Outline the similarities and differences between the Single Index Model (SIM) and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Justify which of the two models makes a better assessment of return of a security (25 marks). To reduce a firm’s specific risk or residual risk a portfolio should have negative covariance or rather it should have no variance at all, for large portfolios however calculating variance requires greater and sophisticated computing power. As such, Index models greatly decrease the computations needed to calculate the optimum portfolio. The use of such Index models also eliminates illogical or rather absurd results.
Stock trading is carried out by stock traders who for the most part need an intermediate such as a brokerage firm or bank to carry out the trades. Stock traders work for themselves by investing money in shares which they believe will increase in value over time and then sell the shares at a later date for profit. There are a number of strategies used by stock traders in order to accumulate profit. The most popular stock trading strategies are day trading, swing trading, value investing and growth trading. A brief description of each of these strategies will now be given
Financial management “is the operational and financing activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and utilizing the funds necessary for effective operations. Thus, Financial Management is concerned with the effective funds management in the business process. Finance is interrelated functions which deals with marketing function, production function, Human Recourse function and Research & development activities of the business concern. Financial Management is concerned with the financing, acquisition and management of assets with some overall goal in minds. There are three major areas in Financial Management decision making.
“How am I going to save my money if I can’t go a month without being short on cash?” Is this the question you ask yourself every now and then? Why is saving money that much difficult for you? Saving money needs a hell lot of self-control and self-control is challenging. Not only that, saving is a habit and habits take time and effort to form.