CHAPTER TWO
2. Theoretical Perspectives on Youth Violence
2.1 Introduction
Youth violence is viewed in this study as a social problem rooted in structural and socio-cultural and socio-political influences, rather than as individual pathology or flawed interpersonal relations alone. Thus, because social values and cultural norms shape youth violence and provide meaning and direction for this phenomenon, researchers should consider cross-cultural studies and social group differentiation in youth violence manifestation, to be able to identify and apply appropriate and successful remedies, given the cultural diversity in Ethiopia.
2.2 The subculture of violence
It is possible to tackle this complex issue of youth violence and bring change
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First systematic and multidimensional typology on violence. In Rasheeduddin Khan, 1981, p.169). MAKE CHART BIGGER AND MORE LEGIBLE> USE COLOURS
2.4 Contributing factors to youth violence Social and psychological factors are usually some of the first examined in looking at youth violence, as shaped and influenced by the youth’s living environment, and its effect on patterns of behavior and decision–making Youth violence started to increase during the 1980s when physicians noticed a sizeable increase in youth victims of homicide (Furlong and Morrison, 2000). Interest in studying school violence stemmed from the interest in studying youth who committed generalized violence. As professionals in the medical field began studying youth violence, psychologists joined educators in the most convenient and logical place in which to observe and interact with youth, the school system (Furlong and Morrisson, 2000; Eisenbraun, 2007, p. 460). Initially, the educators’ interest in school violence was less than enthusiastic. From their perspective, increasing violence in individual campuses was difficult to detect and they did not want to be placed in a law enforcement role (Furlong and Morrison, 2000). However, youth and school violence continued to increase and to have a rising impact on overall crime levels in most parts of the world - for instance, in the USA (Osofsky and Osofsky,
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Nevertheless, in Ethiopia, the family remains the main source of behavioral and ethical codes of conduct for many Ethiopian youth, to a larger degree than in more modern societies. There is a core ideology of family roles and duties and Ethiopian culture continues to emphasize patriarchal values that reinforce traditional gender roles within the family context. The coexisting traditional and “western” norms in Ethiopia today, especially in schools, have created a complex reality for Ethiopian youth transition from childhood to adulthood.
Opportunities for higher education and to participate in the labor market are allowing greater economic independence for Ethiopian women. One outcome will be changes in sexual behavior, which has implications for violence. It is therefore very important at the secondary and preparatory school level to introduce lessons that prepare the youth for these changes and to teach them how to avoid violence, and how to resolve conflict
They drove fast and often killed people. However, according to the National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center, “ In recent years, fewer teens are carrying weapons, teen murder arrests have dropped by almost 60%, and the arrest rate for violent crimes is down 36% from its peak in 1994”. Youth violence and violence in general are at an all time low in the United States, and are still declining. Bradbury’s prediction of a violent youth is, thankfully, not looking too relevant nowadays.
Violence is a constant, a catalyst for the cycle of life and death that has existed since the beginnings of life. However, humans have now, and have been, using violence for senseless pain and suffering. _ _ In James Gilligan’s novel, Preventing Violence, Gilligan discusses that a major cause of violence is feelings of shame, which usually roots from social factors and views of masculinity. Shame, the most common feeling behind violence, is feeling a lack of self-pride and humiliation.
I think in every decade the amount of knife crime increases and I also think that reason is because the youth are surrounded with bad influences. They may be living in a community where they get peer pressured sometimes, they might get forced into
A close friend of mine, Ben was stabbed over twenty times by a student, Chad. Chad was headed to college with a promising future but decided it was more important to compromise everything he worked towards over a girl. Like I had said earlier in this assignment, there is often an initial problem that becomes the root of an act of school violence. Thankfully, this incident was not with a gun.
1. There are many problems with boot camps (J.Knowles, 2001). 2. Juvenile drug use is increasing in the United States (Oakley, Smith & Jones, 2008). 3.
Racial invariance positions and sociological viewpoints on race and race contrasts in conditions and should account for the racial composition or black effect on level violence rates. Examination led in 1990 gives blended or opposite confirmation to this position, demonstrating that greater concentrations of blacks are connected to increased violence after accounting for racial differences in socioeconomic conditions. Black violent crimes is highly relevant in today’s society. Most crimes are committed by African Americans due to many factors but where are these factors taking place and who else is taking place in these crimes other than the targeted ethnicity.
United States: Greenhaven Publishing. The book provides various opposing viewpoints regarding the cause of juvenile crime and how the criminal justice system should treat juvenile offenders. Each argument highlights the main risk factors for juvenile crime. For example, gang plays a large part of juvenile violence.
School shooters use violent to compensate for psychosocial injuries. They are a lack of reference figures and missing viable perspectives in their social reality. In their personal view, school shootings appear as means to gain control, a sense of masculinity, and recognition. These adolescents need help to build positive value of life. Adults must guide them in fostering a common ideal for social prospects, a pro-social self-image, and strong relationships with peers, teachers, and other adults.
Some major findings in this study were that participants were significantly more violent than the average juvenile delinquent. They were also asked about the most serious crimes that they had ever committed finding that among the 34 participants, 5 terrorist threats, 5 murders, 2 attempted murders, 1 manslaughter, 12 burglaries, 11 strong-armed robberies, 9 assaults with a deadly weapon, 8 drug possessions with intent to deal, 6 gun possessions, and 5 shootings. There were many preexisting risk factors that included exposure to violence, vicarious victimization, and criminal and delinquent acts. In the aspect of their future expectations, they mostly had negative expectations. When the young males were asked about future risks, they really felt like they would be the victim of a violent crime or even shot at.
Throughout the world, violence has occurred in some form in each individual’s life since the beginning of time. Violence is any action, inaction, or structural arrangement that results in physical or nonphysical harm to one or more animals. There are three types of violence to classify the act, which is Institutional, Interpersonal, and Structural. Within each type of violence are specific categories that occur, such as family, religion, educational, corporate, and even economical violence.
Social Control theory can be used as a reliable and valid psychosocial explanation of school violence, specifically in explaining the actions of the Columbine school shooters. Kempf-Leonard and Morris described control theory in their journal in a way that provides an explanation for how behavior conforms to that which is generally expected in society. Some control theories emphasize the developmental processes during childhood by which internal constraints develop. Social control theories, however, focus primarily on external factors and the processes by which they become effective. Deviance and crime occur because of inadequate constraints.
In recent years a great deal of attention has been centered on youth violence. Numerous studies have been conducted on children of all races who are subjected to gun violence. However, violent behaviors start from within the environment where children have been exposed to. Household, poor communities and school as well have put children at risk each day. With a crime rate of 45 percent 1,000 residence, Norfolk has one of the highest crime rate in America.
Gang violence has been a problem in society for several of years and is a growing problem each and every day. The youth that is involved in gang violence will have numerous effects upon them that will come soon or later when associated with a group of thugs. Children and teenagers if they still go to school when accompanying a gang, they face the heightened risk of dropping out of school; teen parenthood; be victimized by another gang ; abuse drugs and alcohol; commit petty and violent
This essay will give a clear overview of the concept and theories of structural violence and how the idea can be used to encourage more attention on the fundamental cause of poverty and disease. It will as well look at how structural violence has an impact on illness and health. Furthermore, how clinician can lessen the effect of structural violence. The term violence conveys an image of physical or emotional assault on a person.
Esbensin, Peterson, Taylor and Freng (2010) implies that “ young people who have committed serious violent offenses have the highest level of impulsive and risk-seeking tendencies.” Moreover, extreme violent criminal activity being performed in front of youth increases the risk of them performing acts of extreme violence themselves. Because youth see those acts as acceptable so committng those violent activities make youths to become ruthless. Smith and Green (2007) assert that violent activities becoming ruthless and the perpetrators even more ruthless.