Figure captions
Figure 1. Location of Zuni Salt Lake (ZSL) maar and Jemez Lineament volcanic fields. Adapted from Ander and Huestis (1982).
Figure 2. Zuni Salt Lake maar (a) view into the crater from south rim looking north and (b) view of the maar tephra rim facing north.
Figure 3. Satellite image of Zuni Salt Lake with study profile locations.
Figure 4. Schematic depictions of stratigraphic profiles. Radiocarbon ages are calibrated and shown as one-sigma ranges in calendar years before AD 1950. OSL ages with one-sigma standard errors are expressed in calendar years before AD 1950.
Figure 5. Stratigraphic exposures at profiles (a) 10-17 and (b) 12-16 showing basalt flow (unit C3) capping baked, weathered bedrock substrate (unit A),
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Stratigraphic exposure at profiles (a) 12-14 and (b) 10-34 showing Pleistocene alluvium (unit B), airfall ash (unit C1), thinly bedded base-surge deposits (unit D1), and redeposited tephra (E). The approximate vertical extents of the unit B and C1 paleosols at 10-34 are delineated. Radiocarbon ages are calibrated and shown in white as one-sigma calibrated ranges in calendar years before AD 1950. OSL ages with one-sigma standard errors are shown in yellow in calendar years before AD 1950.
Figure 7. Stratigraphic exposure at profile 13-6 within the maar crater showing base-surge deposits (D1), bedded scoria from the post-maar cinder cone eruptions (unit D2), laminated lacustrine high stand rhythmite (unit D3), and recent slopewash (unit E). Inset photograph provides a close-up view of the unit D3 lacustrine rhythmite.
Figure 8. Calibrated radiocarbon ages (black), OSL ages (gray), and inferred timing of ZSL eruptions. The nested brackets show 1-sigma and 2-sigma standard errors.
Figure 9. Relative ages of five known latest Pleistocene to Holocene eruptions from Jemez Lineament vents.
Figure S1. (a) Representative regenerative dose growth curves, with inset representative natural shine down curve, and (b) radial plots of equivalent dose values on small aliquots (2-mm plate of 150–250 μm quartz fraction
Geologists have found that the oldest exposed rocks in the national park to date back to 75 million years. The formations resulted from sediments that were largely swept into the area due to the rise of the Rocky Mountains. This eventually resulted in a rising of land above sea level. The deposits consisted of different strata of dark shale beds, many containing fossils of marine life from the Seaway (Stoffer 2003).
As the world 's climate entered a warm inter-glacial period, about 7000 years ago with Blackstone 's region being about 1°-2° C above the 20th century norm. With this climate shift the lake was again inundated with water during the Nipissing Phase. However, by 3500 ago the lake would have begun to be familiar in terms of lake levels, views and the types of trees initially being mainly White Pine followed by Oak and Birch.
(Harris, 2004) The downfaulting of Death Valley is correlated with the extension of the lithosphere in the Death Valley region, which plays a part to the uplifting associated with Sequoia – Kings Canyon National Park. The Batholiths of the Sierra Nevada mountain ranges are prominent in both parks, exposing “plumbing systems” in magma chambers that fed the volcanoes. “Magmatic differentiation” involves the crystallization of a magma with magma of a different chemical composition, creating more than one type of igneous rock, which can be seen in both Yosemite and Sequoia – Kings National Parks. (Harris, 2004, 748)
The Teton Range consists of a core of igneous and metamorphic Precambrian rocks overlain in most of the range by westward dipping sedimentary Paleozoic rocks. The Grand Teton Range consists of rocks ranging from the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic time periods. The erosion-resistant Precambrian rocks comprise the highest peaks of the Teton Range and are part of the Wyoming Craton. The oldest units (>2680 Ma), observed in the north, south, and the eastern part of the central Tetons, are Archean layered gneisses, including biotite gneiss, plagioclase gneiss, amphibole gneiss, and some amphibolite (Reed and
The sites stratigraphy was studied again in the 80s and it was
Home to a large Pleistocene fossil site, Saltville, Virginia has revolutionized modern archeology. The locality is especially significant because of unique interactions that took place between animals and humans 15,000 years ago. There has been recent evidence uncovered that Paleo-humans and the mammals in the surrounding Appalachian region interacted and the humans relied on the animals for survival. The deep history preserved in the land of Saltville reveals a past ecosystem that drew megafauna to its locality. The region, rich with life, is the second oldest known Pre-Clovis site in the Americas, marking its significance in history and archeology.
Throughout this paper we will be discussing how water truly created the shape of Michigan. From century to century, there have been many contributing factors, such as glaciers, rivers and lakes, along with human alterations that have made the state of Michigan what it is today. In the last hundreds of millions of years many things have assisted in forming the foundation that helped developed Michigan, but what actually created the surface of Michigan into the shape that as we know it as today was not accomplished until late in the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene is relating to the first epoch of the Quaternary period, between the Pliocene and Holocene epochs.
The lower parts have been submerged and desiccated, shown by the layers of travertine, strand formations, and beaches (9). Scientists can infer that the basin was once filled with seawater due to the discovery of fossilized marine shells, corals, and oysters in the rock (9). The fossils are now above tide-level showing a change in elevation of the region (9). Dr. Stephen Bowers, who studies the region, writes, "The water of the old Tertiary Sea, which once prevailed here, must have been extremely favorable to the propagation and growth of mollusks, especially oysters”. There is also evidence of volcanic activity around the area in the form of craters stemming from Pinacate, an extinct volcano (9).
In this stage, the type of lava changes and eruptions become more explosive. The new lava flows increase the slope and eruption rate gradually decrease over a period of 250,000 years. As the volcano becomes dormant, the erosional stage takes place. The mountain loses elevation and subsides into the oceanic crust. Erosion also causes deep valleys and coral reefs to form.
Fluid magma below the highlands of what is now Lake Superior spewed out to its sides, causing the highlands to sink and form an immense rock basin that would eventually hold Lake Superior. In time, the fracture stabilized only after 570 million
Kortenkamp, Steve, and WK Hartmann. “Impact at Cumberland Gap: Where Natural and National History Collide.” Planetary Science Institute, https://www.psi.edu/sites/default/files/newsletter/summer04/Summer04.pdf. Accessed 6 December 2022.
The poorly sorted nature of the conglomerates, considered with the inclusion of wood fragments in the older conglomerate members and the graded sandstones and mudstones throughout the formation suggest deposition occurred through successions of debris flows. Presence of volcanics in the lithic fragments further indicate volcanic activity in the process of sedimentation as well—as debris flows associated with lahars are the likely source of the slope failures. Deposition environment was moderate to deep marine, as mudstone deposits require low energy depositional environment, but the style of sedimentation indicate deposition was not on a continental shelf. This is further supported by inclusion of the large overturned clast from an older member within the formation. Cross-bedding, graded bedding, and scouring surfaces provide 3 lines of evidence establishing the northern contact of the formation as the original upward oriented surface.
(Steffen et al., 2011; Lewis and Maslin, 2015). There have even been numerous calls to recognise this influence by renaming the most geological epoch in humans’ honour”
Both uniformitarianism and catastrophism attempt to explain the geological features found on the Earth’s surface and the age of the Earth. For this explanation, both use research of geological theories such as those of sedimentation and continental drift. Much of the commonalities of geological features and the age of the earth rely on the rules of relative dating (Ross, Faulkner, Gollmer, & Whitmore, 2015)(text 153), on which both views agree. Relative dating is based on three principle laws; the law of original horizontality, the law of superposition, and the law of lateral continuity. By agreeing on these three laws, both uniformitarianists and catastrophists use these means to determine geological age and events (Ross et al.,
A stratovolcano are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive