Acid-base chemistry Essays

Introduction 1.1 Aim: To determine the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme through the determination of the optimum pH and temperature. 1.2 Theory and Principles (General Background): Enzymes are highly specific protein catalysts that are utilised in chemical reactions in biological systems.1 Enzymes, being catalysts, decrease the activation energy required to convert substrates to products. They do this by attaching to the substrate to form an intermediate; the

color as the ratio of protonation, and ultimately pH, of a given solution changes. This ratio is commonly illustrated by the Henderson-Hasselback equation (pH=pKa+log⁡[A^-/HA]), where A^- represents the concentration of conjugate base and HA is the concentration of acid in the observed sample. The concentration of a species in solution can be determined using Beer’s Law, A=Ɛbc, where absorbance of the solution at the λ_max is equal to the product of the cuvette path length, molar coefficient, and

Acid base reactions are involved in changing an ecosystem by including analogous behavior of molecules and ions that are acidic but do not donate hydrogen ions. Acids are the first to be recognized because of their sour taste, other properties are characterized mainly by their ability to neutralize acids and form different salts. Different quantities of a base is called “Chemical Equivalence” acids can be displaced that can arrange different acids with all the different starting materials all the

Historical Concept of Lewis acids and bases Gilbert Newton Lewis was one of the great chemists in history. His greatest discovery may well be the theory of the covalent bond in 1916, but he made many other contributions. One was his theory of acids and bases. In 1923, he wrote: "We are so habituated to the use of water as a solvent, and our data are so frequently limited to those obtained in aqueous solutions, that we frequently define an acid or a base as a substance whose aqueous solution gives

Osmosis in potatoes Aim of the laboratory: The aim of this lab is to analyse the effect that the concentration change of sucrose has on the potatoes' osmosis rate. This can be investigated by using potatoes of the same shape, size and length that are placed in different beakers with different concentrations of sucrose. The potatoes must be weighed prior to as well as posterior to the placement in the beakers to measure the difference of the size, length, and eventually shape of the potato subsequent

- Medicinal Chemistry - Question No. 3. Define the Hammett Constant and the hydrophobic (Hansch) substituent constant. Comment on how inductive and mesomeric polar effects are treated in substituted aromatic systems. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is an equation which correlates measurable or calculable physical or molecular properties to some specific biological activity. Once this relationship has been determined, it is possible to predict the biological activity of related

The Effects of Acetic acid on Sodium Bicarbonate Introduction: Acids and bases are one of the main components of chemistry. They are both substances with unique chemical properties and can use them to neutralize each other. An acid is any substance that produces positively charged hydrogen ions when reacting to a solution containing water. However, a base is a substance that neutralises positively charged hydrogen atoms, which is the reason why an acid and base always form a salt and a water, In

solution (HKC8O4H4) using acid‐base titration. Introduction: Titration is a technique that chemists use to determine the unknown concentration of a known solution (we know what chemical is dissolved, but not how much in a solution). Because we know what the chemical is, we know how it will react with other chemicals and we can use that reaction to determine the concentration of the solution by measuring the formation of product(s). In the case of an unknown concentration of acid, we can use a known concentration

Enthalpy of neutralization The purpose of this experiment is to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl). Introduction A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction where a base and an acid react with each other. The products will always be water and a salt. The balanced reaction equation for this experiment is the reaction below (Enthalpy of neutralization, 2018). 〖NaOH〗_((aq))+〖HCl〗_((aq))→〖NaCl〗_((aq))+H_2 O_((l))

Chemistry has been around since the beginning of mankind; from the man's first discovery of fire to present day, where we know and continuously study the smallest molecular structure of anything and everything. It is the study of monumental things like the composition of matter itself, the chemical interactions between everything, from the purest elements to the most complex mixtures, and the adhesive components for all parts of life. Chemistry, in short, is the study of everything. There are many

Bradley Trotter & John Fussell Chem 1121-42 March 29th, 2018 Identity of an Unknown Weak Acid Lab Report Introduction: Being able to determing the molar mass of an unknown solution is one of the many ways to identify what the unknown solution is. The use of titrations and LoggerPro, make extrapolating data more precise and will produce more accurate results than if done manually. By comparing the caculated molar mass, and pKa values, with accepted values a hypothesis can be made to the identity

components of acid, base and neutral compound. The compounds were identified by melting point and matched up with the known melting points from a given list. In order to identify the compound it was important to separate by dissolving the mixture in an organic solvent which was not soluble in water, and then extracting the solution first with HCl, and then dilute sodium hydroxide solution. From the separation mixture, the aqueous layer were obtained and labeled as TT-1 (base), TT-2(acid) and TT-3 (neutral)

technique. Acids & Bases Water is the most common acid and base found on earth. An acid is anything that can donate a proton/H+ and a base is anything that can accept a proton/H+ – Bronsted-Lowry. Water being able to both accept and donate a proton/H+ is both an acid and base. H-Cl (aq)+H2O Cl- + H3O+ this equation shows hydrochloric acid in an aqueous solution reacting with water to form chlorine and hydronium. Here water is acting as a base as it accepts a proton from the

techniques of acid-base extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to extract the three active compounds in Excedrin- aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine- and confirm the identity of our extracted crystals. The purpose of this experiment is to introduce organic chemistry lab students to the laboratory techniques of acid-base extraction and TLC. This lab also offers the opportunity to apply the previously theoretical classroom concepts of acidity, solubility, and polarity in order to utilize acid-base

Chemistry is what is behind each special product from Lush, even though it may seem like magic. What causes the fizz in bath bombs? How do the shower jellies retain their shape? How do their products manage to keep your hair and skin so soft? Each Lush product has special chemical formulas between natural and synthetic ingredients that react and blend together to achieve what they are known for. One of the main ingredients in Lush products is Sodium Bicarbonate, which is a weak base. It has to react

For the Chemistry unknown lab, we were given unknown letter D. We decided the best way to approach the lab was to first determine whether our unknown is an acid, base, or salt. To figure this out, we made a decision to run a ph test. When our unknown was placed on the ph paper, the ph paper turned red which indicated it had a ph of 2. This ph meant our unknown was an acid. Almost all acids begin with a hydrogen which led us to believe our unknown had hydronium in it. Once we determined our unknown

conditions the reactants and products can still react but may just become a oneway reaction, however a reversible reaction will eventually reach a point of equilibrium where the products are reactant are produced at the same rate. ( AS and A level Chemistry book) Dynamic equilibrium occurs in a closed system where the amounts of products and reactants are not changing anymore and even though there is no visible change the chemical reaction is continually happening known term being equilibrium, where

Antoine Lavoisier, founder of the oxygen theory of combustion, leader of 18th century chemistry, and published author of “Elementary Treatise of Chemistry”. Born in Paris, France on August 26th, 1743, Antoine Lavoisier was born as the only son into a wealthy bourgeois family. In his young life, he showed an abnormal amount of public concern and studiousness. He was introduce to Collège Mazarins’ studies and sciences, and soon after went to study law. Due to the lacking demands of the students at

experiment aims to find the concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar sample by titrating it to a standardized NaOH solution, a base solution. A standardized 0.100 M NaOH solution was prepared from an available concentration of NaOH specifically a 1.00 M NaOH. The volume of the standardized solution (titrant) used which is 0.100 L was calculated using the M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 relationship. It was then gradually added to the vinegar solution until the acid-base reaction was completely neutralized. To regulate

Introduction: The acid-base titration experiment is the use of a titrant, an analyte, and an indicator. Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change.1 The titrate is what is later released into a beaker or flask that is filled with the analyte and indicator. The color change happens because of the indicator