Alkaline phosphatase Essays

the enzyme) it can destroy the enzyme entirely. In this experiment we tested how temperature affects enzymes. We observed the enzyme activity for the enzyme Alkaline phosphatase when it was put in an environment of 33°C and 86°C. Because Alkaline phosphatase has the ability to extract phosphate groups from substrates, once the Alkaline phosphatase was in the specifically heated environment for five minutes, we measured it’s activity by inserting para-nitrophenyphosphate. Para-nitrophenyphosphate is

Aim The aim of the experiments to be carried out is to determine the kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, of Alkaline Phosphatase. Theory, Principles and Application of Principles Enzymes are a huge varying group of proteins which are needed to carry out essential metabolic functions in cells. Substrate-specific enzymes, like Alkaline Phosphatase, act as catalysts lowering the needed activation energy to convert the substrate to product. Enzymes are made up of amino-acids and amino-groups have side chains

Have you ever wondered what living objects were made up off? How food is digested? No not by cells, but those catalysts that break down substances. They are called enzymes. Enzymes are biological molecules, proteins, which act as catalysts and help complicated reactions occur everywhere in life. Enzymes are very precise catalysts that usually work to complete one assignment. Example being; an enzyme that helps digest proteins will not be useful to break down carbohydrates. Also, you will not find

Introduction 1.1 Aim: To determine the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme through the determination of the optimum pH and temperature. 1.2 Theory and Principles (General Background): Enzymes are highly specific protein catalysts that are utilised in chemical reactions in biological systems.1 Enzymes, being catalysts, decrease the activation energy required to convert substrates to products. They do this by attaching to the substrate to form an intermediate; the

enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase increased with the increase of MgCl2

began to denature and therefore the rate of reaction was slowed down. As concentration was increased, the reaction rate continued to increase. The higher the concentration, the more rapid increase in reaction rate occurred. The alkaline phosphatase worked best in alkaline conditions, having a pH of 11. The results found in this experiment

Alkaline phosphatase is a hydrolase present in all tissues throughout the human body, particularly in the liver, bile duct, and kidneys and in the placenta. Its function is to hydrolyse phosphor-ester bonds, releasing a phosphate group and the alcohol derivative

Alkaline phosphatases (ALP), members of the phosphomonoesterase family, hydrolyze the oxygen-phosphorus bond of organophosphates using metal ions to release an inorganic phosphate under alkaline conditions.1,2 These enzymes are dimeric metalloenzymes containing two Zn2+, one Mg2+, and a serine residue in the active site of each monomeric subunit, in both prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes.2,3 Studies have shown that the three divalent cations are essential for enzymatic activity to catalyze the formation

weight, that he appeared pale, and that he had developed splenomegaly. The physician decided to order a complete blood count (CBC) with differential as well as the following chemistry tests: uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase (LD), and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score, to obtain a better understanding on his patient health status. The following abnormal results caught the physician’s attention: On the CBC with differential: a severely increased

DEFINITION Paget disease is defined as a disease that involves destruction of abnormal bone. This disease occur when overactivity of osteoclastic and also followed by compensatory of osteoblastic activity that lead to a struture of the bone ( woven bone ). Usually affected skull, pelvis, femur, tibia, and lumbar spine ( http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334607-overview ) ( http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6305/3126/320/paget.jpg ) DISEASE CLASSIFICATION Paget disease is classified

cholecystectomy was discussed and the patient agreed. Pre-operative laboratory investigations revealed normal kidney function, normal blood picture and elevated liver enzymes and elevated bilirubin (AST=174 u/L), (ALT=399 u/L), (GGT=206 u/L), (Alkaline phosphatase=147 u/L), (Direct bilirubin=2.0 mg/dl) and (Indirect bilirubin= 0.6 mg/dl). The patient was admitted to gastrointestinal endoscopy unit for Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Pre-procedural investigation revealed normal

2.1 Bone Biology Bone is a dynamic and changeable tissue that is remodeled constantly throughout life (kang 2012). It is considered to be the arrangement of compact and cancellous bone provides strength and density suitable for the support and protection of the body organs (Feng and Mcdonald 2011; Watts 1999). The skeletal system consists of bone and cartilage (Tamminen 2013). Functions of skeleton are to keep the body upright, help the person to have a good posture, facilitate respiratory movements

33P 32P 33P 32P 33P 32P Pronase 180 684 30 173 86 78 Control 8 72 773 3 8 Alkaline Phosphatase 1571 886 176 109 90 89 Control 224 122 1445 1053 13 10

around the middle of the cartilage model of the developing bone. This is an indication that endochondral ossification is about to start. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is in the centre of the cartilage model, chondrocytes increase in size and creates alkaline phosphatase, which is secreted into the extra- cellular matrix. Matrix calcification is the calcification of the cartilage matrix occurs around the enlarged chondrocytes, the chondrocytes die because nutrients are unable to diffuse through the calcification

Paget’s disease is a chronic disorder or condition that increases the formation of bone at an exceedingly rapid rate in a particular, isolated area. It’s the second most common bone disease discovered in elderly men and women and is in no way considered to be a bone cancer. It all begins with the osteoclasts. These remove and absorb old bone matter so it can be replaced with stronger and denser bone; however these cells become overly active and take away more bone than necessary, weakening it. This

the bones of the skull are affected. In some cases, there are no symptoms. DIAGNOSIS This condition may be diagnosed based on: • A physical exam and medical history. • Blood and urine tests to check whether the levels of calcium and alkaline phosphatase are higher than normal. These substances may increase with abnormal bone growth. • Imaging studies, such as X-rays and bone scans. TREATMENT Treatment for this condition depends on symptoms and the area of the body that is affected.

P1 and P2 were diluted 2x to make up a total volume of 1ml each. 50ul of each diluted sample was pipetted into 8 wells of the microplate and 50ul of each protein standard was pipetted into 2 wells. 50ul were incubated with 50ul of alkaline copper reagent. 50ul of alkaline copper reagent was added to every well containing water, buffer, sample or standard and was incubated for 30 minutes. 100ul of Folin reagent was added to the wells and incubated for another 20 minutes. The absorbance was measured

2013; Gennari, 2010). However data on the amount and continuity of the infection of patients is conflicting and may require further studies (Ralston, 2013). Symptoms of the Paget’s disease can be seen in increase in the level of serum alkaline phosphatase, followed by bone pain caused by an increase in bone turn over or complications like pseudo fracture (Ralston,

Strensiq Asfotase Alfa Drug Overview  Strensiq is approved by FDA on 23rd October 2015  Brand name is Strensiq  Generic name is asfotase alfa  Active ingredient is asfotase alfa  Inactive ingredients are dibasic sodium phosphate, heptahydrate, monobasic sodium phosphate, monohydrate and sodium chloride Strensiq asfotase alfa is used as the initially endorsed treatment for perinatal, infantile and juvenile onset hypophosphatasia (HPP). HPP is an uncommon, hereditary, progressive, metabolic

The Legionellaceae are thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, Gram-negative opportunistic intracellular bacteria. They are non-capsulated rod-like bacterium of approximately 2 μm in length and 0.3-0.9 μm in width. Legionella pneumophila has suggested fastidious nutrient requirements, including ferric iron and L-cysteine. The family Legionellaceae consists of a single genus, Legionella. This genus includes the species Legionella pneumophila, the most frequent cause of human legionellosis and it