Apoptosis Essays

INTRODUCTION: The term Apoptosis was first used by scientists Kerr, Wyllie and Currie in the year 1972. The term “apoptosis” has a Greek origin and means “falling off.” Apoptosis or programmed cell death, can be described as an active process that is seen in multicellular organisms. It is characterized by the activation of biochemical pathways that lead to changes in cell morphology. These morphological changes include: cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic

Abstract This report presents the performance of phagocytosis in activated macrophage cells, and the comparison of phagocytosis of both wild type J774 cells and Rab5 transfected J774 Eclone Cells. During the experiment, culture dishes where prepared and incubated in 37 degrees, activating macrophages and beginning the phagocytosis process. Phagocytosis was stopped with the addition of 1mL of 3.7% paraformaldehyde fixative at room temperature. Once TritonX (0.1%) was added, pores were created and

1.1 Introduction: For decades, the HBM has been one of the most widely used conceptual frameworks in health behavior. The HBM has been used both to explain change and maintenance of health -related behaviors and as guiding framework for health behavior intervention. The HBM has been expanded, broken down into component, compared to other framework, and analyzed using a wide array of multivariate analytic technique. More research has been conducted to specify measure of health believe model and

Bcl-XL, Bcl-w, Mcl-1, and A1/Bfl-1(4) and Caspases (5). There are three pathways of apoptosis, the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways that are the most common two which are triggered by death receptors or by numerous mitochondrial stimuli, respectively (6). A third pathway that is less known is the intrinsic endoplasmic reticulum pathway (7). Fas ligand is very essential in apoptosis because the extrinsic apoptosis is started by the interaction between the extracellular domains of the single-pass transmembrane

just figuring out how the process works, however results indicate that cells start killing themselves simultaneously and hold on to a “lifeline” in case conditions were to improve. It was previously known, or thought, that once a cell undergoes apoptosis, an “executioner” molecule would kill the cell, but sometimes cells “call off” the suicide even when the executioner molecule has begun its work. In 2008, Ho Lam Tang from the University of Hong Kong named this new process anastasis, meaning “rising

the blood. In this research that we will be doing in the lab, we will be studying the Estrogen receptor alpha and how that affects beta cells when apoptosis occurs, which causes beta cell numbers to drop. Also especially we will be looking into the effect of the Estrogen receptor alpha on endoplasmic reticulum stress that cause higher levels of apoptosis leading to a lower count of beta cells in the pancreas. The overall goal

where some experimental groups had higher amount of cell apoptosis or even cell necrosis. This higher death was associated with higher SEMA3A expression, so it was found that SEMA3A upregulation induces EC apoptosis (endothelial cell apoptosis).     Because of this finding, their next experiment was to observe the effects of SEMA3A upregulation, as a way to treat radiation injury more efficiently and prevent a high amount of cell apoptosis. They noticed interesting things about CDK5 which, like SEMA3A

1 Tumors Are Vampires Angio (blood vessel) - genesis (origin): this word describes the process of the growth of new blood vessels. Blood vessels carry the oxygen and nutrients cells need to grow and proliferate. However, not every cell has the privilege of vessel-front living. Many have to wait for the nutrients to spread to them from the blood vessel, and so they receive less nutrients. So if a cancer cell is unlucky enough to be born in the tissue boonies, it’s tumor size is going to be limited

Mitochondria are the main suppliers of ATP in most mammalian cells, it control both neurotic and the apoptosis signaling pathway, which is the apoptotic cell death pathways. Mitochondria is associated with the coordination of the cellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling. Mitochondria also produces and are targets of free radical species that control many characteristics of the cell’s physiology, this can be seen in Figure 1 and the structure and function can be seen in Figure 2. (Duchen and Szabadkai 2010)

Cancer is never what we dream of having, especially a cancer that is the most prevalent in teens called osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma can attack every bone in your body. This type of cancer can be terrifying to both the patient and their family members. I will be discussing many stages of the cancer and treatment plans with you. Osteosarcoma is a very rare type of cancer, but is one of the top five most common cancer types in teens. There are about 1000 new patients each year diagnosed with this

Eugenol at the concentrations of 0.2 -20 µm is suggested to be able to produce a dose dependent and reversible vasodilator response that are partially dependent on the endothelium (24). EUG has also found to have a preventive effect on dopamine depression and lipid peroxidation, which can protect depression induced by 6-hydroxyl dopamine (OHDA). Eugenol has prevented depression by decreasing lipid peroxidation and stimulating reduced glutathione (GSH) may lead to a protecting effect (25)

are various pathways in controlling the cell cycle through the mutation of a proto-oncogene, such as the production of cancerous RAS, E2F and cyclin proteins. Tumor suppressor genes fix faults in DNA, slow down or stop the cell cycle, or enter the apoptosis phase which tells the cell to die. Tumor suppressor genes essentially act as brakes for the cell by telling the cell to stop dividing or stop growing. One mutation does not cause cancer, but the build up of multiple mutations can cause

According to Kathryn Krost and Stanley Henshaw in their article U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2008: State Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity the United States alone has a teen pregnancy rate of 3 in every 10 teenage girls. Krost and Henshaw state how this means that 30% of teenage girls will get pregnant at least once before the age of twenty, which equates to about 750,000 teenage pregnancies every year. A study performed at the University of Texas at Austin shows that over the

dopaminergic neurons, and their expression increases in PD (). More significantly, Oxidatively truncated phospholipids are internalized, migrate to mitochondria, and then disrupt mitochondrial function, in a way aided by Bid, to initiate intrinsic apoptosis (23, 24). PAF and oxidatively truncated phospholipids, a proinflammatory lipid mediators bind to the G-protein coupled transmembrane receptor, the

Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract on transient focal cerebral ischemia induced neural damage and behaviour deficits in Sprague dawley rats Stroke is a global socio-economic disease and places a huge burden on patients, families and wider society (Warlow et al., 2003). It is the second leading cause for death next to ischemic heart disease & leading cause of disability in the world (WHO 2012, Lozano et al., 2012). Age related risk for stroke becomes higher in India like developed countries

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with variation of up to 20-fold worldwide (Park et al, 2010). Added to this, epidemiological studies suggest that economic development and dietary habits are implicated in colon cancer incidence. (Johnson et al. 2007). Cancer (especially colon cancer) advances over a prolonged duration consisting of three stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. In order to reduce cancer’s symptoms and persistence, carcinogenesis

virus. Most of the virus infections lead to death of host cell, including apoptosis and cell lysis. When virus genes are more invasive, host cells undergo the infection process that mentioned above. Host cells replicate viral genome and help virus proliferate, once viral particles reassembly together On the other side, while the host genes are more aggressive, human immune system is activated and cause infected cell apoptosis. Both of these two situation cause a nonzero sum game, since it is either

cells and cytokines in an uncontrolled immune system(2,7,11).T cells receive signals in the presences of auto-antigens such as insulin, tyrosine phosphatase, glutamic acid and insulinoma (4,5). These cells produce cytokines which promote β cells apoptosis as shown in Figure 1 and Figure

After their job is accomplished, the osteoclast undergo apoptosis. This process proceed to the reversal stage, during which coupling signals are sent to attract osteoblast into resorptive sites. Resorption is then turned off and the formation stage follows. The osteoclasts synthesize bone matrix and facilitate its mineralization. Calcium and phosphate ion are deposited into the matrix, leading to hardening of the bone. Osteoblast undergo apoptosis, become encased within the mineralized matrix to become

apoptotic markers. Fluro Jade B and Nissl staining will be measured ex vivo in rats selected from Experiment 1A at each time point (0-3 hours, 2 and 7 days) to determine the effects of melatonin on apoptosis. Comparison will be made between saline and melatonin treated rats in terms of induction of apoptosis and morphological