Biosynthesis Essays

Biosynthesis Pathway A biosynthesis pathway describes the steps that take place in a chemical reaction which occurs when living organisms create new molecule from simpler ones. The word "biosynthesis" comes from two words: "bio," which means that the reaction is occurring in living organism and "synthesis," which indicates that large products are made up by simpler molecules. To describe a pathway completely some compounds are involved which includes such as which enzymes, coenzymes and cofactors

Most of you must have an experience in feeling sweating, feeling burn, and skin turning to red, as red as skin of shrimp when it was being boiling when being exposed to direct sunlight. All of you must feel not comfortable with those conditions, right? So, today I am going to talk about the sunburn problem and the solution to this problem. I want to tell you about this as I am obsessed with health, skin care and skin beauty and I have gained much information from many sources that I have read. So

begin, malonyl-CoA must be present. So the first committed step of this pathway is the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl-CoA catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase. This reaction is shown below: After the production of malonyl-CoA, fatty acid biosynthesis proceeds in the following steps: 1) Transfer of acetyl group form acetyl CoA to acyl carrier protein (ACP) by the enzyme, acetyl CoA-ACP transacylase.Similarly, malonyl group of mallonyl-CoA is transferred to ACP by malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase

Squalene undergoes a two-step cyclization to yield lanosterol catalyzed by sequalene mono-oxygenase and sequalene 2, 3 epoxidase enzymes. Sequalene mono oxygenase is the second committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis and lead to the formation squalene 2, 3 epoxide. This enzymatic reaction require supernatant protein factor (SPF) and NADPH as a cofactor to introduce molecular oxygen as an epoxide at the 2, 3 position of squalene. The activity of supernatant protein factor itself is regulated by

Introduction Vitamins are the organic molecules that function in a wide variety of roles within the body. The most significant function of vitamins is to serve as cofactors (co-enzymes) for enzymatic reactions. The distinguishing feature of vitamins is that they cannot be synthesized within the mammalian cells, and hence it should be taken through food supplements. The family of Vitamin B, called Vitamin B complex, plays important role in converting food into energy and helping the body metabolize

tryptophan is an energy consuming process. So bacteria need to ensure that only when the concentration of tryptophan is low inside cell , it has to produce tryptophan. The trp operon is a repressible system that regulates the biosynthesis of tryptophan. The gene for the repressor is located not near to the promoter,but in a different location.It has an operator which is embedded in the promoter,a leader sequence(trpL) and 5 structural genes(trpE,trpD,trpC,trpB,trpA). Each gene encodes

Neal (3rd overall) and Amy (5th for women) finished higher up in the race because of their training methods. They trained hard and ran 16 km a week leading up to the 42.2 km marathon. They also carb loaded and was able to get lots of energy from that. Mel (middle of the pack) however only ran 13 km a week and ate his regular meals with his family, which caused him to lack energy. John (last place) however only ran 10 km a week, ate regular meals and ate dessert. Based off of how they finished, you

ASSIGNMENT 02 DUE DATE: 15 SEPTEMBER 2017 UNIQUE NUMBER: 76029608 STUDENT NUMBER: 62449842 Question 1 The general pathways for ATP generation include aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation. Aerobic respiration can be referred to as the breakdown of glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen and water to release energy in the form of ATP. The other products of this reaction include carbon dioxide and water. The overall equation for aerobic respiration is C6H12O6+6O2+ H2O→ 6CO2

20,26,27. Various studies have been synthesized magnetite nanoparticles by using an extract of plants resulting magnetite nanoparticles in a variety of shapes and sizes 19,27–30. M. pruriens seed extract has been reported to be used in the biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles which took place rapidly at room temperature and produced stable nanoparticles in the solution 31,32. The previous study reported that the gold nanoparticle from M. pruriens seed extract could improve motoric disorders

2. Sweet corn Sweet corn is a gluten free cereal and it becomes ready to eat when kernels are in the milk stage, from 18 to 20 days after pollination (DAP). High quality sweet corn contains 70-75% moisture and 25% of the dry matter as simple sugars. At maturity sweet corn kernels are usually wrinkled and translucent, in contrast to the smooth or dented, flinty and or dented, flinty and or starchy characters of field corn kernels (Whistler, 1957; Galinat, 1971; Wann et al., 1971). The principle difference

The phenylalanine/hydroxycinnamte pathway: The phenylalanine/hydroxycinnamte pathway starts with metabolism of Phe and called general phenylpropanoid metabolism. The reactions involving formation of hydroxycinnamates and their activated forms (CoA thoesters and 1-O-acylglucosides) fall under the purview of phenylalanine/hydroxycinnamte pathway [Figure 17.3]. First enzyme of hydroxycinnamte pathway is phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; 4.3.1.24) which catalyses the non-oxidative deamination of Phe

production in the form of FAD.1 Niacin Niacin takes form as NAD+ in cellular respiration which plays an important role in energy production. It is also crucial for the biosynthesis of fatty acids.2 Pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid takes form as CoA in the Krebs’ cycle, which plays a role in energy production. Its other functions are the biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and amino acids, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters to promote the nervous system to function normally.2 Pyridoxine Pyridoxine

Xanthosine acts as a substrate and is converted into caeffine .Howeever, in the minor route, xanthosine is converted into xanthine which is follwed by the caeffine degradation into NH3 and CO2 as shown by the purine catabolism pathway. Fig.5 Biosynthesis of caffeine Fig.6 Purine catabolism of caffeine 1.3 The science of Coffee, tea and energy drinks Caeffine is the major ingrediant of coffee, tea and energy drinks but there are some other components in these beverages that play a side role

MEVACOR ( also called as LOVASTATIN ) : Mevacor ( Lovastatin ) is a statin drug, used for lowering cholesterol in people who are suffering with hypercholesterolemia to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Lovastatin is a naturally occurring compound found in low concentrations in food such as oyster mushrooms, red yeast rice and Pu-erh. History # : Compactin and Mevacor, natural products with a powerful inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase, were discovered in the 1970s, and taken into

3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Biosynthesis and Characterization of FeMPn The addition of the M. pruriens seed extract to ferric (III) chloride solution produced an instantaneous colour change in the solution from brown to intense black, indicating the formation of magnetite nanoparticles. The process of the formation of FeMPn suspension occurred when the solution had been supersaturated which triggered the formation of the sol and formed magnetite nanoparticles. The SEM images (Fig. 2) showed

INTRODUCTION Lipidoses can be defined as inherited metabolic disorders where lipids accumulate in cells and tissues; sphingolipidoses are autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorders in which the lipid that accumulates is a sphingolipid.(1) Sphingolipids are any member of a class of lipids that contain sphingosine, an organic aliphatic amino acid, or substances that are structurally similar to sphingosine. (2). The main sphingolipids discussed will be gangliosides, globosides, ceramides and

Alexandra Fowler Due: 10/25/2015 Metabolism Exam Answer the following questions as completely and concisely as possible. Some answers may be a single word, but for more detailed responses, keep you answer to 3 sentences or less. What is the electron donor of an organism growing chemorganotrophically? The electron donor of an organism growing chemorganotrophically is an organic compound such as glucose, acetate, etc. List 3 potential electron donors used by chemolithotrophs? Three potential

as Mevinolin. This was the second compound identified of this class and is two times potent than the first discovered statin Mevastatin. Lovastatin (LST) is structurally similar to hydroxyl methylglutarate (HMG), a substrate of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and it differs by a methyl group only at single 6th position. Lovastatin (LST) is a pro drug which is activated by hydrolysis of lactone ring. MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 404.53 MOLECULAR FORMULA:

When species encounter each other in an environment, competition over things such as space and resources is very likely to occur. Unlike the more well-known hierarchal competition, intransitive competition occurs between organisms that cannot be ordered from most to least competitive. An example of this type of competition is the game rock-paper-scissors. Rock beats scissors, scissors beat paper, and paper beats rock. When any two of the competitors face off, one outcompetes the other. However

diseased tissues that characterize clubfoot are very important areas of research. The major component of the ligament, muscle, tendon, bone and joint cartilage involved in clubfoot is collagen. Prolidase enzyme activity is required for collagen biosynthesis. Collagen is key for the support of connective tissue. This study called attention to the part of serum prolidase action and its relationship with oxidative-antioxidant status in patients with clubfoot. Collection of blood samples, oxidative