Calcitonin Essays

Calcium (Ca++) The total amount of calcium circulating in the blood is small (9.0-10.5 mg/dl) and half of the total amount is bound to albumin a plasma protein. In humans, calcium ranks fifth after oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Intracellular calcium is located primarily in the mitochondria. Approximately 99% of calcium is contained in bones and teeth as calcium hydroxyapatite an inorganic compound that contributes to bone rigidity (McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. 2013). Calcium

Williams 2009). The body regulates normal blood calcium through the actions of three hormones called parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is synthesized and secreted by the parathyroid gland, which lies posterior to the thyroid glands, calcitriol and calcitonin. The normal adult reference range for calcium in the plasma is 2.20-2.60mmol/L and 1.20-1.37mmol/L for ionized calcium. (Dr Nessar Ahmed 2010) Calcium homeostasis refers to the regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the

Rachel Mandes Hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism occurs when there is an excess of parathyroid hormone being produced by one or more of the body’s four parathyroid glands located on the posterior region of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps maintain an appropriate amount of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in the bloodstream. These vitamins and electrolytes are crucial for maintaining the body’s homeostatic state. Hyperparathyroidism can be subdivided into 3 types: Primary

Calcium is a necessary component in all things living and is also abundant in many non-living things; particularly those that help support life such as soil and water. Teeth, bones, seashells, and cave stalactites (icicle-shaped formations found in underground caves) are all products of calcium. Calcium seems to be fifth no matter where it goes, it is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the earths crust, most abundant dissolved ion in seawater and the most abundant element in the human body

Insulin/glucagon The pancreas. The insulin acts of the liver and cells in the body whereas glucagon acts on the liver. Work together to regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level if it becomes too high whereas glucagon raises the blood glucose level if it becomes dangerously low. Too much insulin can cause hypoglycemia because the liver produces less glucose and the cells of the body absorb more glucose. Too much glucagon results in too much glucose in the bloodstream because

3. The calcium levels in the blood and bones are being controlled and regulated by the parathyroid glands. Parathyroid glands are next to and sometimes inside the thyroid glands. Parathyroid glands are small glands in the endocrine system that control how much calcium is inside our bones, which affects how much calcium is in our blood. Calcium control is important because it lets the normal conduction of electric currents to run in our nerves and is also, the main element that causes our muscles

calcium becomes too low, a condition called hypocalcemia. Then if our levels get too high hypercalcemia takes place, another medical issue. An example of our body processing too much or too little calcium is when we look at calcitonin, a hormone produced by our thyroid. Calcitonin helps to build our bones and it activates the osteoblasts we carry by producing a decrease in calcium concentration. In contrast, when there is an increase in our calcium concentration by activating the osteoclast, this process

or too much loss of calcium and minerals that can cause osteoporosis. Some of the important elements needed in bones remodelling is minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and calcium and some type of hormone, for example parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin and

INTRODUCTION The thyroid is Greek word for “shield shaped” from the shape of the nearby tracheal cartilage. The thyroid gland was named “glandulae thyroidaeae” by Wharton in 1656.[1] The thyroid gland is the source of two fundamentally different types of hormones, produced by thyroid follicles, idothyronine hormone thyroxine (T4) and 3, 5, 3’- triidotyronine (T3). Fig 1.1:- Conversion of T4 to T3 and Reverse T3. 1.1 Regulation of thyroid hormones in human body Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) are essential

The Endocrine System Beaonca Turner, Ladonna Wells, Anita Hall, Johnitra Tipton Biology A&P 102 Dorsey Nursing School  Abstract In this paper we will discuss and educate our readers about our Endocrine System. We will discuss the Endocrine system purpose, and which organs make up the system.We will also explain the direct function of the organs that make up the system, and the role they

Where is the thyroid produced and what is the target organs what is the normal function? The thyroid gland located in front of the neck below the Adams apple, produces the thyroid hormone. It targets most tissues. The function of the thyroid hormone (TRH) is to increase the metabolic rate. This leads to an increase in oxygen and heart rate, stimulates appetite increase breakdown of nutrients and promote growth. Production of the thyroid hormone is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

for Osteogenesis imperfecta can be made by a blood test to check genes, or possibly a skin biopsy to test the collagen. Medical treatment for OI has been unsuccessful. Many treatments have been tried without success. Hormone treatments such as calcitonin, cortisone and thyroxine. Vitamins A, C and D as well as minerals such as magnesium, aluminum, and phosphate. Doctors also tried radiology. The most widely used treatments was bisphonates which slowed down bone loss of the patients and prevent

Hi, Mrs. Gray I’m Dr. Smart. I’m your doctor while you’re at the hospital. I was reading your chart and I suspect that you have osteoporosis because of you past diagnosis of osteopenia which is a reduced bone mass with a lesser severity then osteoporosis. Having osteopenia also places you at a greater risk for getting osteoporosis, especially if you were not preventing the loss of bone density. Also because the loss of bone density speeds up with hormone changes during menopause, and women have

depression. These are two symptoms experienced by Eric between the ages of 11 and 15. Eric became sluggish at little league and introverted showing signs of depression. The thyroid also regulates the amount of calcium in the blood and bones via Calcitonin. If Eric had low thyroid levels his calcium regulation could be lacking causing Eric’s bones to be brittle causing him to break his hip at the age of

Animal Ethics- Pro Animal Research There is a large number of people who would disagree with the statement that “Animal testing is very beneficial” but what these people don’t realize is that without animal testing we wouldn’t have all the medical advancements that we have today. Animal testing has made a huge impact on our daily lives and will affect our future to come. According to Alec Baldwin, “One cannot be ‘single issue’ when it comes to medical research.” Baldwin’s mother is apart of the

Paget's Disease of bone is the result of abnormalities in the bone remodeling and breakdown process. This leads to bones within the body becoming quite misshaped and weak. A decrease in the activity of the cells, known as osteoclasts that participate in the breaking down of the bone cell matrix through the release of enzymes and mineral components is a contributing factor to Paget's disease. In addition to low osteoclast activity, the cells that build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, known

the sternum and produces thymosin which help with immunity. The thyroid gland is located under the larynx in the neck and secretes calcitonin which is a hormone that decreases blood calcium levels which targets bones. The parathyroid gland is attached to the thyroid lobe (sits on the thyroid gland) and secretes PTH which is a hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin and increases blood calcium levels which target bone, kidneys, and the intestines. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidney

(NSAIDs) for pain. ○ Bisphosphonates to slow down bone growth and reduce pain. You may have to take this medicine for several months. It is usually taken by mouth but can also be given through an IV tube. ○ A chemical messenger (hormone) called calcitonin. This hormone slows down bone activity. It is given as an injection under the

TAQ 1: a) b) The mammalian nervous system is split into two. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which coordinates and controls the movement and activities of the body and the peripheral nervous system, made up of the somatic and autonomic system, which forms the connections between the organs and the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord work together to aid the coordination of the body. The brain can be divided into three

Review of the Literature Chapter two 2.1. Osteopenia As Public Health Problem: An Overview Osteopenia refers to bone density that is lower than normal peak density but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. Bone density is a measurement of how dense and strong the bones are. If your bone density is low compared to normal peak density, you are said to have osteopenia. if there is a greater risk that, as time passes, you may develop bone density and become very low compared to