Carbon nanotube Essays

The nanotechnology potentially makes the human to rendering to recent and increasing hazards due to some individual properties such as its very small size and high ratio of area to mass. Nanotechnology is the competent invention of materials and systems in nanometer length scale, and exploits the rising properties and phenomenon which have been developed in nano scale. The word “nano” means 10-9, so a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. One description of nanoscience is the study of atoms, molecules

diameter. The ratio of a size of an ordinary soccer ball to the planet Earth is the same as the ratio size of a Buckyball molecule to a soccer ball. Chemical structure and properties Buckyballs are composed of carbon atoms linked to three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds. However, the carbon atoms are connected in the same pattern of hexagons and pentagons you find on a soccer ball, giving a buckyball the spherical structure as shown in the following

2. GRAPHENE FABRICATION TECHNIQUES Fabrication of graphene can be divided into two different approaches. They are bottom-up and top-down approaches. Bottom-up methods involve synthesizing graphene from alternative carbon containing sources, whereas top-down methods involve breaking apart the stacked layers of graphite to yield graphene. Figure shows the schematic representation of the bottom-up and top-down graphene synthesis. Figure 10: A schematic of ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ graphene synthesis

Table 1. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99%) and methanol (MeOH, analysis grade) was purchased from Merck Millipore, Germany. Hydrochloric acid was purchased from PFP Matsunden Chemicals Ltd, South Korea. Ultrapure water was used for the synthesis of TiO2 nanotube and preparation of isoniazid experimental solution. Standard chemical reagents for COD analysis were purchased from Humas Co. Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea.

various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The shock synthesis of graphene requires a balance between the growth rate of graphene and the formation rate of carbon atoms. The pressure and temperature are two important factors affecting the synthesis of graphene.

flexible. The molecular formula of glycerin is C3H5(OH)3. It is a chain of three carbon atoms, and each carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group. All three carbon atoms have four total bonds. Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas present in the atmosphere and is formed during respiration. The molecular formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. It has a carbon atom and bonded with two oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide is only water soluble when the pressure is maintained.

ABSTRACT The Diels-Alder reaction has been an area of great research interest with regards to enhancing enantioselectivity in the reaction by use of various catalysts and reaction conditions. INTRODUCTION In organic chemistry, a Diels-Alder reaction refers to a 4, 2 cycloaddition between a diene consisting of alternating double bonds and a substituted alkene (the dienophile) resulting in a substituted cyclohexene system. The reaction is often used to reliably control regioselective and enantioselective

The huge amounts of plastic thrown away every year are enough to circle the world four times. According to Oxford dictionary plastic is “ a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers that can be formed into shape while soft, and then set into inflexible or slightly flexible form”. It was invented by John Wesley Hayatt in 1869. Today, almost 260 million tons of plastic is produced a year. Plastic does not decompose and it stays on the surface for decades, which led to environment

1. Introduction Friedel–Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds is one of the most important and practical methods to prepare aromatic ketones. The resulting diaryl ketones are important chemical intermediates for the synthesis of a wide range of compounds such as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flavors, dyes and agrochemicals [1,2]. This is an electrophilic acylation of aromatic compounds with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides, which is traditionally catalyzed by Lewis acids, such as AlCl3, BF3, SbCl5

N‟-2- (bromophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea 16 underwent lithiation on the nitrogen to form a monolithio intermediate using MeLi, followed by bromine-lithium exchange using t-BuLi to give the dilithio species 17. 14 The intermediate 17 was then exposed to carbon monoxide to give 18, which after cyclization forms the intermediate 19, followed by loss of LiNMe2 to give 20, and finally after work up with dilute acid yielded the isatin product 1. 1 13 14 15 6 N O O 1) MeLi, 0 C CO Br N H O NMe2 2) t-BuLi, 0 C

4.1 Chemicals The magnetic particles Dynabeads® MyOneTM Carboxylic Acid were from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Van Alley, CA, USA). The hepcidin standard was obtained from Peptide Institute Inc (Osaka, Japan), N-ethyl-N’-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and 2-(N-morpholino)-ethane sulfonic acid (MES) from Calbiochem® (Merck), and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) from Sigma Aldrich. The solvents used, such as formic acid and acetonitrile, were LC-MS grade and were purchased

IONIC EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY This is a form of affinity chromatography that allows for the separation of product and contaminants through the use of specific electrical charges produced by the individual molecules. Resins are applied to depending on the compound one wishes to remove ie if your compound is negatively or positively charged. This system is specifically used after one of the three previously stated methods of separation and an ultrafiltration/diafiltrtion step as it is costly and therefore

Introduction 1.1 Aim: To determine the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme through the determination of the optimum pH and temperature. 1.2 Theory and Principles (General Background): Enzymes are highly specific protein catalysts that are utilised in chemical reactions in biological systems.1 Enzymes, being catalysts, decrease the activation energy required to convert substrates to products. They do this by attaching to the substrate to form an intermediate; the

Pros and Cons of AI robots Can you imagine your life without technological machines? Technology has played a big part in our life. It is advancing and progressing rapidly in order to increase efficiency. Because of their advanced and useful ability, artificial intelligence, including computerized machines and robots, are spreading worldwide. However, while the uses of robots are helpful and effective, they can cause devastating effects towards people in the world if this technology falls in wrong

Tertiary alkyl halides tend to give a mixture with both inverted and retained configurations at reaction centers. This is because this reaction proceeds through a stable carbocation intermediate and the carbon at the reaction center goes to sp2 hybridized state (planar geometry). The incoming nucleophile can attack from both sides of the plane and can give two products with retained and inverted configuration. If there is a partial interaction with the leaving group (nucleofuge) with carbocation

acid, while the absorption band in 1529.4 cm-1 referred to N-H bending vibration of amine which is possible to be derived from the L-dopa. An intense enough absorption band at absorbance area of 1400.2 cm-1 referred to C-H bending vibration of sp2 carbon, which is possible to be derived from the aromatic ring of amino acid. The weaker absorption band at 1288.4 cm-1 corresponded to =C-O stretching vibration of aromatic compounds, and the absorption band at 1074.3-1118.6 cm-1 referred to C-O stretching

Snowflakes are small and their structure is simple at very low temperatures. At higher temperatures the distinct flakes may be formed from a very large amount of ice crystals - creating a complex star shape and can have a diameter of several inches. (Met Office, 2014) Snowflakes are accretions of several snow crystals. Most snowflakes are less than 1.3 centimetres (0.5 inches) through. Under some conditions, usually needing near-freezing temperatures unstable atmospheric conditions, and light winds

The goal of this lab was to prepare methyl m-nitrobenzoate using electrophilic aromatic substitution using nitration. The reaction used methyl benzoate with the acid catalyst as sulfuric acid. The mechanism for the nitration using methyl benzoate is presented in Figure 1. Figure 1: Benzene can only undergo substitution reactions that are called electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Given that benzene rings are used commonly in the production of many organic compounds, the capability

Flavonoids has a molecular structure of two aromatic carbon rings and benzopyran (A and C rings) and benzene (B rings). The chemical structure of flavonoids consists of pyrane and phenolic rings that are classified due to the differences in the substitutions and combinations that are associated between the

of this experiment is to perform a Friedel-Crafts reaction of ferrocene. Friedel-Crafts reactions are examples of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in which the electrophile is a carbocation or an acylium ion. These reactions form a carbon-carbon bond and allows for either an alkyl or acyl group to be substituted onto an aromatic ring. Figure 1 shows the general mechanism for the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene. First, the alkyl halide reacts with a strong Lewis Acid catalyst, usually