Cellulosic ethanol Essays

Introduction Corn ethanol is made from corn which is utilized as biomass. The methods of making corn ethanol involve ethanol fermentation and distillation. Corn ethanol is primarily used as an oxygenate in gasoline to produce a low-level blend. To a lesser degree, it is used as fuel for E85 flex-fuel vehicles. This research paper will describe the process of producing corn ethanol. Production Process There are two primary kinds of corn ethanol generation: dry processing and wet processing. Each

Ethanol is a renewable, domestically produced alcohol fuel made from plant material, such as corn, sugar cane, or grasses (USDOE, 2016). The use of ethanol is important because it can help reduce oil dependence and CO2 emissions. About 20% more emissions are formed when fossil fuels are refined to produce gas (Boyle et al., 2012). Therefore, any reduction in the need for refinement of fossil fuel will result in a decrease in greenhouse gas emission. Ethanol fuel use in the U.S. has increased dramatically

Experiment 4: Formal Report Preparation and Recrystallisation of Aspirin Aim of the experiment: In this experiment, a pure sample of aspirin is to be obtained through esterification to synthesise the sample, then purify the sample by recrystallisation. Lastly, determine the melting point of the sample to characterise the aspirin. Introduction: Background Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is an aromatic compound that contains an ester- functional group and a carboxylic acid- functional group. Aspirin

spun for 5 min at maximum speed, the water phase was transferred to new tubes. 1 ml of cold 96 % ethanol was added, mixed and then spun for 5 min at maximum speed at 4°C. the supernatant was discarded and the pellet re-suspended in 400 µl of TE buffer (40 mM Tris-Base, 20 mM acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0). 6 µl of 7.5 M ammonium acetate was added and the pervious step was repeated. 700 µl of 70 % ethanol was added and spun for 2 min at maximum speed. The supernatant was discarded and dried at 37°C

V. Results and Discussion One of the objectives of this exercise is to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) from salicylic acid. The mechanism for this synthesis is through nucleophilic acyl substitution. Acetic anhydride was the acetylation reagent used with the salicylic acid. The mechanisms and the reaction involved in the synthesis are seen in the following figure. 1.00 gram of fine white salicylic acid powder was weighed in a clean, dry 125mL Erlenmeyer flask. 3mL of strong smelling

While the temperance movement was popular since the early nineteenth century, the epitome of the concept occurred during the Prohibition Era. During World War I, there were concerns in the United States about conserving grain and having a sober working class. In 1919, Congress adopted the 18th Amendment which banned the manufacturing and sale of all alcoholic beverages. Prohibition was a necessary precaution during the 1920s due to the social immorality created by alcohol, the economic drawbacks

What is the effect of temperatures 10°C , 20°C, 40°C, 60°C and 70°C ± 1/°C on yeast fermentation when baking bread? ii. Aim: The focal aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect that temperature has on the growth and respiration of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermentation. iii. Background Information: Yeast fermentation is directly affected by the change in temperature, because the rate of chemical reactions is affected by temperature. If the yeast has been exposed to its optimum

1. Introduction Friedel–Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds is one of the most important and practical methods to prepare aromatic ketones. The resulting diaryl ketones are important chemical intermediates for the synthesis of a wide range of compounds such as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flavors, dyes and agrochemicals [1,2]. This is an electrophilic acylation of aromatic compounds with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides, which is traditionally catalyzed by Lewis acids, such as AlCl3, BF3, SbCl5

On June 15,2013, in Burleson Texas, Ethan Couch lost control, colliding with a group of people assisting another driver with his car in the ditch. Ethan Couch was intoxicated, driving on a restricted license, and was speeding in a residential area. Ethan was only 16 when this crash happened and it was because he was intoxicated. This story demonstrated that drinking under the legal age can take many innocent people’s lives away. In the United States you must be 21 to have a alcoholic drink, but each

5.1 MATERIAL USED Azathioprine was obtained as a gift sample from M/s Psycorem Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Ludhiana, India); Carbopol 934 was purchased from Sunchem (India), Tween 20 and Span 20, Methyl and Propyl paraben, Light liquid paraffin, Propylene glycol, Triethanolamine (TEA), and Ethyl alcohol were purchased from M/s Central Drug House Pvt. Ltd ( New Delhi, India). Doubled distilled water was used throughout the study. 5.2 METHOD OF PREPARATION OF AZATHIOPRINE EMULGEL 5.2.1 Preparation of Emulsion

2.2 Chemicals and reagents The API of AN (99.9% pure) 1000mg was purchased from market. HPLC grade acetonitrile (SD fine limited). Analytical grade hydrochloric acid ,sodium hydroxide flakes, hydrogen peroxide. Milli-Q Water purchased from market.. 2.3 Details of Method Chromatographic conditions: Reversed Phase High Performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection separation was achieved on zorbox Agilent Eclipsc XDB column c18(150 nm× 4.6 mm×5µm) as stationary phase with binary gradient

imine derivative. In this experiment, 0.386 g of o-vanillin and 0.276 g of p-toluidine were mixed into an Erlenmeyer flask. The o-vanillin turned from a green powder to orange layer as it mixed with p-toludine, which was originally a white solid. Ethanol was added as a solvent for this reaction. Sodium borohydride was added in slow portion as the reducing agent, dissolving the precipitate into a yellowish lime solution. Glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride were added to the mixture while refluxing

Isatin The 1H-indole-2, 3-dione (Isatin), possesses an indole nucleus with two carbonyl groups; the keto and lactum group at positions C-2 and C-3. Isatin is an orange to red solid and is mostly used for synthesis of heterocyclic compounds [1]. The chemical structure of Isatin is shown in (Figure 1). Figure 1: Structure of 1H-indole-2, 3-dione (Isatin) In nature, isatin is present in plants of the genus Isatis, in Calanthe discolor lindl and in Couroupita guianensis

4.1 Chemicals The magnetic particles Dynabeads® MyOneTM Carboxylic Acid were from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Van Alley, CA, USA). The hepcidin standard was obtained from Peptide Institute Inc (Osaka, Japan), N-ethyl-N’-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and 2-(N-morpholino)-ethane sulfonic acid (MES) from Calbiochem® (Merck), and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) from Sigma Aldrich. The solvents used, such as formic acid and acetonitrile, were LC-MS grade and were purchased

Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to purify acetanilide that was contaminated with relatively small amounts of impurities using recrystallization. The success of recrystallization was dependent on a suitable solvent being chosen and proper recrystallization technique being carried out. The solvent chosen had to have a different polarity than that of the molecule of interest. The technique used was dependent on the solubility of the solvent at higher temperature and the

Grades of Essential Oils Essential oils come in different therapeutic grade. Standardized – essential oils that have been modified from their original state. Pure – essential oils that are extracted from a plant using one of the two methods – distillation and cold-pressing. Some trace elements within these oils have yet to be detected or identified. This feature makes essential oils unique from a synthetic or reconstructed version. Fractioning – distilling, which is done at low pressure and

drinking water and chloroform followed by dissolution and crystallization to form Crude Levofloxacin. • Crude Levofloxacin is decolorized by ethanol and charcoal which is then recrystallized and centrifuged to form Levofloxacin (Intermediate). Stage III: Preparation of Levofloxacin Levofloxacin (Intermediate) undergoes dissolution and decoloration in presence of ethanol and charcoal followed by recrystallization and centrifugation to form Levofloxacin. Stage IV: Drying and Packaging The final product is

with many commercial applications, presently finding its largest use in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and chemical industries [2]. Glycerol also can be employed as the raw material to produce variety types of chemical products such as hydrogen, ethanol, propanol, acrolein, 1,3- propanediol, lactic acid, succnic acid, citric acid, polyesters

Abstract — This experiment was conducted to familiarize the students with the procedures regarding distillation—to be more precise, the separation of ethanol from an alcoholic beverage—using a distillation set-up consisting of boiling chips, a Bunsen burner, a condenser, a thermometer and several other materials. In the end, it was discovered that one may actually separate a homogeneous mixture, given that the components of said mixture differ in volatility and that they utilize a complete distillation

Materials and methods: 1. Materials: Urethane was purchased form Hychem Laboratories. AST, ALT, and ALP was purchased from ----------. All the others reagents use are of high purity and of analytical grade. 2. Animals: BALB/C mice, 15-20 g were housed in colony rooms with 12/12 hr light/dark cycle at 21±2°C and had free access to food and water. All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with CPCSEA guidelines, Ethical committee Acts. 3. Experimental protocol: Animals were acclimatized